The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System, Second Edition
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FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/COPYING

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    1 
    2    NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
    3  services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
    4  of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
    5  Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
    6  Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the Linux
    7  kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.
    8 
    9  Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel
   10  is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not
   11  v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.
   12 
   13                         Linus Torvalds
   14 
   15 ----------------------------------------
   16 
   17                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
   18                        Version 2, June 1991
   19 
   20  Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   21                        51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
   22  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
   23  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
   24 
   25                             Preamble
   26 
   27   The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
   28 freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
   29 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
   30 software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
   31 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
   32 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
   33 using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
   34 the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
   35 your programs, too.
   36 
   37   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
   38 price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
   39 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
   40 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
   41 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
   42 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
   43 
   44   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
   45 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
   46 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
   47 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
   48 
   49   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
   50 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
   51 you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
   52 source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
   53 rights.
   54 
   55   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
   56 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
   57 distribute and/or modify the software.
   58 
   59   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
   60 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
   61 software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
   62 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
   63 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
   64 authors' reputations.
   65 
   66   Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
   67 patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
   68 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
   69 program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
   70 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
   71 
   72   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
   73 modification follow.
   74 
   75                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
   76    TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
   77 
   78   0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
   79 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
   80 under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
   81 refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
   82 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
   83 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
   84 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
   85 language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
   86 the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".
   87 
   88 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
   89 covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
   90 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
   91 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
   92 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
   93 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
   94 
   95   1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
   96 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
   97 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
   98 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
   99 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
  100 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
  101 along with the Program.
  102 
  103 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
  104 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
  105 
  106   2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
  107 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
  108 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
  109 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
  110 
  111     a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
  112     stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
  113 
  114     b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
  115     whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
  116     part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
  117     parties under the terms of this License.
  118 
  119     c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
  120     when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
  121     interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
  122     announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
  123     notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
  124     a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
  125     these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
  126     License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
  127     does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
  128     the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
  129 
  130 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
  131 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
  132 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
  133 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
  134 sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
  135 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
  136 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
  137 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
  138 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
  139 
  140 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
  141 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
  142 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
  143 collective works based on the Program.
  144 
  145 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
  146 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
  147 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
  148 the scope of this License.
  149 
  150   3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
  151 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
  152 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
  153 
  154     a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
  155     source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
  156     1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
  157 
  158     b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
  159     years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
  160     cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
  161     machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
  162     distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
  163     customarily used for software interchange; or,
  164 
  165     c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
  166     to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
  167     allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
  168     received the program in object code or executable form with such
  169     an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
  170 
  171 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
  172 making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
  173 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
  174 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
  175 control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
  176 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
  177 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
  178 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
  179 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
  180 itself accompanies the executable.
  181 
  182 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
  183 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
  184 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
  185 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
  186 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
  187 
  188   4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
  189 except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
  190 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
  191 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
  192 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
  193 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
  194 parties remain in full compliance.
  195 
  196   5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
  197 signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
  198 distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
  199 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
  200 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
  201 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
  202 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
  203 the Program or works based on it.
  204 
  205   6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
  206 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
  207 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
  208 these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
  209 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
  210 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
  211 this License.
  212 
  213   7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
  214 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
  215 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
  216 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
  217 excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
  218 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
  219 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
  220 may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
  221 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
  222 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
  223 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
  224 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
  225 
  226 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
  227 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
  228 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
  229 circumstances.
  230 
  231 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
  232 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
  233 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
  234 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
  235 implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
  236 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
  237 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
  238 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
  239 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
  240 impose that choice.
  241 
  242 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
  243 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
  244 
  245   8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
  246 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
  247 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
  248 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
  249 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
  250 countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
  251 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
  252 
  253   9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
  254 of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
  255 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
  256 address new problems or concerns.
  257 
  258 Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
  259 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
  260 later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
  261 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
  262 Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
  263 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
  264 Foundation.
  265 
  266   10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
  267 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
  268 to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
  269 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
  270 make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
  271 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
  272 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
  273 
  274                             NO WARRANTY
  275 
  276   11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
  277 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
  278 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
  279 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
  280 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
  281 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
  282 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
  283 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
  284 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
  285 
  286   12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
  287 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
  288 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
  289 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
  290 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
  291 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
  292 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
  293 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
  294 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
  295 
  296                      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
  297 
  298             How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
  299 
  300   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
  301 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
  302 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
  303 
  304   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
  305 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
  306 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
  307 the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
  308 
  309     <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
  310     Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
  311 
  312     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  313     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  314     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
  315     (at your option) any later version.
  316 
  317     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  318     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  319     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  320     GNU General Public License for more details.
  321 
  322     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  323     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  324     Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
  325 
  326 
  327 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
  328 
  329 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
  330 when it starts in an interactive mode:
  331 
  332     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
  333     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
  334     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
  335     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
  336 
  337 The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
  338 parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
  339 be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
  340 mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
  341 
  342 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
  343 school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
  344 necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
  345 
  346   Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
  347   `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
  348 
  349   <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
  350   Ty Coon, President of Vice
  351 
  352 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
  353 proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
  354 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
  355 library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
  356 Public License instead of this License.

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