FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/Documentation/cli-sti-removal.txt

     
     #### cli()/sti() removal guide, started by Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
     
     
     as of 2.5.28, five popular macros have been removed on SMP, and
     are being phased out on UP:
     
      cli(), sti(), save_flags(flags), save_flags_cli(flags), restore_flags(flags)
     
    until now it was possible to protect driver code against interrupt
    handlers via a cli(), but from now on other, more lightweight methods
    have to be used for synchronization, such as spinlocks or semaphores.
    
    for example, driver code that used to do something like:
    
            struct driver_data;
    
            irq_handler (...)
            {
                    ....
                    driver_data.finish = 1;
                    driver_data.new_work = 0;
                    ....
            }
    
            ...
    
            ioctl_func (...)
            {
                    ...
                    cli();
                    ...
                    driver_data.finish = 0;
                    driver_data.new_work = 2;
                    ...
                    sti();
                    ...
            }
    
    was SMP-correct because the cli() function ensured that no
    interrupt handler (amongst them the above irq_handler()) function
    would execute while the cli()-ed section is executing.
    
    but from now on a more direct method of locking has to be used:
    
            DEFINE_SPINLOCK(driver_lock);
            struct driver_data;
    
            irq_handler (...)
            {
                    unsigned long flags;
                    ....
                    spin_lock_irqsave(&driver_lock, flags);
                    ....
                    driver_data.finish = 1;
                    driver_data.new_work = 0;
                    ....
                    spin_unlock_irqrestore(&driver_lock, flags);
                    ....
            }
    
            ...
    
            ioctl_func (...)
            {
                    ...
                    spin_lock_irq(&driver_lock);
                    ...
                    driver_data.finish = 0;
                    driver_data.new_work = 2;
                    ...
                    spin_unlock_irq(&driver_lock);
                    ...
            }
    
    the above code has a number of advantages:
    
    - the locking relation is easier to understand - actual lock usage
      pinpoints the critical sections. cli() usage is too opaque.
      Easier to understand means it's easier to debug.
    
    - it's faster, because spinlocks are faster to acquire than the
      potentially heavily-used IRQ lock. Furthermore, your driver does
      not have to wait eg. for a big heavy SCSI interrupt to finish,
      because the driver_lock spinlock is only used by your driver.
      cli() on the other hand was used by many drivers, and extended
      the critical section to the whole IRQ handler function - creating
      serious lock contention.
    
     
    to make the transition easier, we've still kept the cli(), sti(),
    save_flags(), save_flags_cli() and restore_flags() macros defined
    on UP systems - but their usage will be phased out until 2.6 is
    released.
    
    drivers that want to disable local interrupts (interrupts on the
    current CPU), can use the following five macros:
    
      local_irq_disable(), local_irq_enable(), local_save_flags(flags),
     local_irq_save(flags), local_irq_restore(flags)
   
   but beware, their meaning and semantics are much simpler, far from
   that of the old cli(), sti(), save_flags(flags) and restore_flags(flags)
   SMP meaning:
   
       local_irq_disable()       => turn local IRQs off
   
       local_irq_enable()        => turn local IRQs on
   
       local_save_flags(flags)   => save the current IRQ state into flags. The
                                    state can be on or off. (on some
                                    architectures there's even more bits in it.)
   
       local_irq_save(flags)     => save the current IRQ state into flags and
                                    disable interrupts.
   
       local_irq_restore(flags)  => restore the IRQ state from flags.
   
   (local_irq_save can save both irqs on and irqs off state, and
   local_irq_restore can restore into both irqs on and irqs off state.)
   
   another related change is that synchronize_irq() now takes a parameter:
   synchronize_irq(irq). This change too has the purpose of making SMP
   synchronization more lightweight - this way you can wait for your own
   interrupt handler to finish, no need to wait for other IRQ sources.
   
   
   why were these changes done? The main reason was the architectural burden
   of maintaining the cli()/sti() interface - it became a real problem. The
   new interrupt system is much more streamlined, easier to understand, debug,
   and it's also a bit faster - the same happened to it that will happen to
   cli()/sti() using drivers once they convert to spinlocks :-)
   

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