FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/Documentation/kernel-docs.txt

     
         Index of Documentation for People Interested in Writing and/or
     
                        Understanding the Linux Kernel.
     
               Juan-Mariano de Goyeneche <jmseyas@dit.upm.es>
     
     /*
      * The latest version of this document may be found at:
     *   http://www.dit.upm.es/~jmseyas/linux/kernel/hackers-docs.html
     */
    
       The need for a document like this one became apparent in the
       linux-kernel mailing list as the same questions, asking for pointers
       to information, appeared again and again.
       
       Fortunately, as more and more people get to GNU/Linux, more and more
       get interested in the Kernel. But reading the sources is not always
       enough. It is easy to understand the code, but miss the concepts, the
       philosophy and design decisions behind this code.
       
       Unfortunately, not many documents are available for beginners to
       start. And, even if they exist, there was no "well-known" place which
       kept track of them. These lines try to cover this lack. All documents
       available on line known by the author are listed, while some reference
       books are also mentioned.
       
       PLEASE, if you know any paper not listed here or write a new document,
       send me an e-mail, and I'll include a reference to it here. Any
       corrections, ideas or comments are also welcomed.
       
       The papers that follow are listed in no particular order. All are
       cataloged with the following fields: the document's "Title", the
       "Author"/s, the "URL" where they can be found, some "Keywords" helpful
       when searching for specific topics, and a brief "Description" of the
       Document.
       
       Enjoy!
       
         ON-LINE DOCS:
           
         * Title: "Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition"
           Author: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman
           URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
           Description: A 600-page book covering the (2.6.10) driver
           programming API and kernel hacking in general.  Available under the
           Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license.
    
         * Title: "The Linux Kernel"
           Author: David A. Rusling.
           URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/tlk/tlk.html
           Keywords: everything!, book.
           Description: On line, 200 pages book describing most aspects of
           the Linux Kernel. Probably, the first reference for beginners.
           Lots of illustrations explaining data structures use and
           relationships in the purest Richard W. Stevens' style. Contents:
           "1.-Hardware Basics, 2.-Software Basics, 3.-Memory Management,
           4.-Processes, 5.-Interprocess Communication Mechanisms, 6.-PCI,
           7.-Interrupts and Interrupt Handling, 8.-Device Drivers, 9.-The
           File system, 10.-Networks, 11.-Kernel Mechanisms, 12.-Modules,
           13.-The Linux Kernel Sources, A.-Linux Data Structures, B.-The
           Alpha AXP Processor, C.-Useful Web and FTP Sites, D.-The GNU
           General Public License, Glossary". In short: a must have.
    
         * Title: "Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition"
           Author: Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet.
           URL: http://www.xml.com/ldd/chapter/book/index.html
           Keywords: device drivers, modules, debugging, memory, hardware,
           interrupt handling, char drivers, block drivers, kmod, mmap, DMA,
           buses.
           Description: O'Reilly's popular book, now also on-line under the
           GNU Free Documentation License.
           Notes: You can also buy it in paper-form from O'Reilly. See below
           under BOOKS (Not on-line).
    
         * Title: "Conceptual Architecture of the Linux Kernel"
           Author: Ivan T. Bowman.
           URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/
           Keywords: conceptual software architecture, extracted design,
           reverse engineering, system structure.
           Description: Conceptual software architecture of the Linux kernel,
           automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good
           figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding.
    
         * Title: "Concrete Architecture of the Linux Kernel"
           Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Saheem Siddiqi, and Meyer C. Tanuan.
           URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/
           Keywords: concrete architecture, extracted design, reverse
           engineering, system structure, dependencies.
           Description: Concrete architecture of the Linux kernel,
           automatically extracted from the source code. Very detailed. Good
           figures. Gives good overall kernel understanding. This papers
           focus on lower details than its predecessor (files, variables...).
    
         * Title: "Linux as a Case Study: Its Extracted Software
           Architecture"
           Author: Ivan T. Bowman, Richard C. Holt and Neil V. Brewster.
           URL: http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/
           Keywords: software architecture, architecture recovery,
          redocumentation.
          Description: Paper appeared at ICSE'99, Los Angeles, May 16-22,
          1999. A mixture of the previous two documents from the same
          author.
   
        * Title: "Overview of the Virtual File System"
          Author: Richard Gooch.
          URL: http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt
          Keywords: VFS, File System, mounting filesystems, opening files,
          dentries, dcache.
          Description: Brief introduction to the Linux Virtual File System.
          What is it, how it works, operations taken when opening a file or
          mounting a file system and description of important data
          structures explaining the purpose of each of their entries.
   
        * Title: "The Linux RAID-1, 4, 5 Code"
          Author: Ingo Molnar, Gadi Oxman and Miguel de Icaza.
          URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=2391
          Keywords: RAID, MD driver.
          Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its
          abstract: "A description of the implementation of the RAID-1,
          RAID-4 and RAID-5 personalities of the MD device driver in the
          Linux kernel, providing users with high performance and reliable,
          secondary-storage capability using software".
   
        * Title: "Dynamic Kernels: Modularized Device Drivers"
          Author: Alessandro Rubini.
          URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1219
          Keywords: device driver, module, loading/unloading modules,
          allocating resources.
          Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its
          abstract: "This is the first of a series of four articles
          co-authored by Alessandro Rubini and Georg Zezchwitz which present
          a practical approach to writing Linux device drivers as kernel
          loadable modules. This installment presents an introduction to the
          topic, preparing the reader to understand next month's
          installment".
   
        * Title: "Dynamic Kernels: Discovery"
          Author: Alessandro Rubini.
          URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1220
          Keywords: character driver, init_module, clean_up module,
          autodetection, mayor number, minor number, file operations,
          open(), close().
          Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its
          abstract: "This article, the second of four, introduces part of
          the actual code to create custom module implementing a character
          device driver. It describes the code for module initialization and
          cleanup, as well as the open() and close() system calls".
   
        * Title: "The Devil's in the Details"
          Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz and Alessandro Rubini.
          URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1221
          Keywords: read(), write(), select(), ioctl(), blocking/non
          blocking mode, interrupt handler.
          Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its
          abstract: "This article, the third of four on writing character
          device drivers, introduces concepts of reading, writing, and using
          ioctl-calls".
   
        * Title: "Dissecting Interrupts and Browsing DMA"
          Author: Alessandro Rubini and Georg v. Zezschwitz.
          URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1222
          Keywords: interrupts, irqs, DMA, bottom halves, task queues.
          Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article. Here is its
          abstract: "This is the fourth in a series of articles about
          writing character device drivers as loadable kernel modules. This
          month, we further investigate the field of interrupt handling.
          Though it is conceptually simple, practical limitations and
          constraints make this an ``interesting'' part of device driver
          writing, and several different facilities have been provided for
          different situations. We also investigate the complex topic of
          DMA".
   
        * Title: "Device Drivers Concluded"
          Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz.
          URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1287
          Keywords: address spaces, pages, pagination, page management,
          demand loading, swapping, memory protection, memory mapping, mmap,
          virtual memory areas (VMAs), vremap, PCI.
          Description: Finally, the above turned out into a five articles
          series. This latest one's introduction reads: "This is the last of
          five articles about character device drivers. In this final
          section, Georg deals with memory mapping devices, beginning with
          an overall description of the Linux memory management concepts".
   
        * Title: "Network Buffers And Memory Management"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1312
          Keywords: sk_buffs, network devices, protocol/link layer
          variables, network devices flags, transmit, receive,
          configuration, multicast.
          Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner. Here is the abstract:
          "Writing a network device driver for Linux is fundamentally
          simple---most of the complexity (other than talking to the
          hardware) involves managing network packets in memory".
          
        * Title: "Writing Linux Device Drivers"
          Author: Michael K. Johnson.
          URL: http://users.evitech.fi/~tk/rtos/writing_linux_device_d.html
          Keywords: files, VFS, file operations, kernel interface, character
          vs block devices, I/O access, hardware interrupts, DMA, access to
          user memory, memory allocation, timers.
          Description: Introductory 50-minutes (sic) tutorial on writing
          device drivers. 12 pages written by the same author of the "Kernel
          Hackers' Guide" which give a very good overview of the topic.
          
        * Title: "The Venus kernel interface"
          Author: Peter J. Braam.
          URL:
          http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/html/kernel-venus-protocol.html
          Keywords: coda, filesystem, venus, cache manager.
          Description: "This document describes the communication between
          Venus and kernel level file system code needed for the operation
          of the Coda filesystem. This version document is meant to describe
          the current interface (version 1.0) as well as improvements we
          envisage".
   
        * Title: "Programming PCI-Devices under Linux"
          Author: Claus Schroeter.
          URL:
          ftp://ftp.llp.fu-berlin.de/pub/linux/LINUX-LAB/whitepapers/pcip.ps.gz
          Keywords: PCI, device, busmastering.
          Description: 6 pages tutorial on PCI programming under Linux.
          Gives the basic concepts on the architecture of the PCI subsystem,
          as long as basic functions and macros to read/write the devices
          and perform busmastering.
   
        * Title: "Writing Character Device Driver for Linux"
          Author: R. Baruch and C. Schroeter.
          URL:
          ftp://ftp.llp.fu-berlin.de/pub/linux/LINUX-LAB/whitepapers/drivers.ps.gz
          Keywords: character device drivers, I/O, signals, DMA, accessing
          ports in user space, kernel environment.
          Description: 68 pages paper on writing character drivers. A little
          bit old (1.993, 1.994) although still useful.
   
        * Title: "Design and Implementation of the Second Extended
          Filesystem"
          Author: Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie.
          URL: http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html
          Keywords: ext2, linux fs history, inode, directory, link, devices,
          VFS, physical structure, performance, benchmarks, ext2fs library,
          ext2fs tools, e2fsck.
          Description: Paper written by three of the top ext2 hackers.
          Covers Linux filesystems history, ext2 motivation, ext2 features,
          design, physical structure on disk, performance, benchmarks,
          e2fsck's passes description... A must read!
          Notes: This paper was first published in the Proceedings of the
          First Dutch International Symposium on Linux, ISBN 90-367-0385-9.
   
        * Title: "Analysis of the Ext2fs structure"
          Author: Louis-Dominique Dubeau.
          URL: http://www.nondot.org/sabre/os/files/FileSystems/ext2fs/
          Keywords: ext2, filesystem, ext2fs.
          Description: Description of ext2's blocks, directories, inodes,
          bitmaps, invariants...
   
        * Title: "Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem"
          Author: Stephen C. Tweedie.
          URL:
          ftp://ftp.uk.linux.org/pub/linux/sct/fs/jfs/journal-design.ps.gz
          Keywords: ext3, journaling.
          Description: Excellent 8-pages paper explaining the journaling
          capabilities added to ext2 by the author, showing different
          problems faced and the alternatives chosen.
   
        * Title: "Kernel API changes from 2.0 to 2.2"
          Author: Richard Gooch.
          URL:
          http://www.linuxhq.com/guides/LKMPG/node28.html 
          Keywords: 2.2, changes.
          Description: Kernel functions/structures/variables which changed
          from 2.0.x to 2.2.x.
   
        * Title: "Kernel API changes from 2.2 to 2.4"
          Author: Richard Gooch.
          Keywords: 2.4, changes.
          Description: Kernel functions/structures/variables which changed
          from 2.2.x to 2.4.x.
          
        * Title: "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide"
          Author: Ori Pomerantz.
          URL: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/index.html
          Keywords: modules, GPL book, /proc, ioctls, system calls,
          interrupt handlers .
          Description: Very nice 92 pages GPL book on the topic of modules
          programming. Lots of examples.
          
        * Title: "I/O Event Handling Under Linux"
          Author: Richard Gooch.
          Keywords: IO, I/O, select(2), poll(2), FDs, aio_read(2), readiness
          event queues.
          Description: From the Introduction: "I/O Event handling is about
          how your Operating System allows you to manage a large number of
          open files (file descriptors in UNIX/POSIX, or FDs) in your
          application. You want the OS to notify you when FDs become active
          (have data ready to be read or are ready for writing). Ideally you
          want a mechanism that is scalable. This means a large number of
          inactive FDs cost very little in memory and CPU time to manage".
          
        * Title: "The Kernel Hacking HOWTO"
          Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty.
          Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl
          (must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs})
          Keywords: HOWTO, kernel contexts, deadlock, locking, modules,
          symbols, return conventions.
          Description: From the Introduction: "Please understand that I
          never wanted to write this document, being grossly underqualified,
          but I always wanted to read it, and this was the only way. I
          simply explain some best practices, and give reading entry-points
          into the kernel sources. I avoid implementation details: that's
          what the code is for, and I ignore whole tracts of useful
          routines. This document assumes familiarity with C, and an
          understanding of what the kernel is, and how it is used. It was
          originally written for the 2.3 kernels, but nearly all of it
          applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly different".
          
        * Title: "Writing an ALSA Driver"
          Author: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
          URL: http://www.alsa-project.org/~iwai/writing-an-alsa-driver/index.html
          Keywords: ALSA, sound, soundcard, driver, lowlevel, hardware.
          Description: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture for developers,
          both at kernel and user-level sides. ALSA is the Linux kernel
          sound architecture in the 2.6 kernel version.
          
        * Title: "Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers"
          Author: Detlef Fliegl.
          URL: http://usb.in.tum.de/usbdoc/
          Keywords: USB, universal serial bus.
          Description: A must-read. From the Preface: "This document should
          give detailed information about the current state of the USB
          subsystem and its API for USB device drivers. The first section
          will deal with the basics of USB devices. You will learn about
          different types of devices and their properties. Going into detail
          you will see how USB devices communicate on the bus. The second
          section gives an overview of the Linux USB subsystem [2] and the
          device driver framework. Then the API and its data structures will
          be explained step by step. The last section of this document
          contains a reference of all API calls and their return codes".
          Notes: Beware: the main page states: "This document may not be
          published, printed or used in excerpts without explicit permission
          of the author". Fortunately, it may still be read...
   
        * Title: "Linux Kernel Mailing List Glossary"
          Author: various
          URL: http://kernelnewbies.org/glossary/
          Keywords: glossary, terms, linux-kernel.
          Description: From the introduction: "This glossary is intended as
          a brief description of some of the acronyms and terms you may hear
          during discussion of the Linux kernel".
          
        * Title: "Linux Kernel Locking HOWTO"
          Author: Various Talented People, and Rusty.
          Location: in kernel tree, Documentation/DocBook/kernel-locking.tmpl
          (must be built as "make {htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocs})
          Keywords: locks, locking, spinlock, semaphore, atomic, race
          condition, bottom halves, tasklets, softirqs.
          Description: The title says it all: document describing the
          locking system in the Linux Kernel either in uniprocessor or SMP
          systems.
          Notes: "It was originally written for the later (>2.3.47) 2.3
          kernels, but most of it applies to 2.2 too; 2.0 is slightly
          different". Freely redistributable under the conditions of the GNU
          General Public License.
   
        * Title: "Global spinlock list and usage"
          Author: Rick Lindsley.
          URL: http://lse.sourceforge.net/lockhier/global-spin-lock
          Keywords: spinlock.
          Description: This is an attempt to document both the existence and
          usage of the spinlocks in the Linux 2.4.5 kernel. Comprehensive
          list of spinlocks showing when they are used, which functions
          access them, how each lock is acquired, under what conditions it
          is held, whether interrupts can occur or not while it is held...
   
        * Title: "Porting Linux 2.0 Drivers To Linux 2.2: Changes and New
          Features "
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-05/gear_01.html
          Keywords: ports, porting.
          Description: Article from Linux Magazine on porting from 2.0 to
          2.2 kernels.
   
        * Title: "Porting Device Drivers To Linux 2.2: part II"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/238 
          Keywords: ports, porting.
          Description: Second part on porting from 2.0 to 2.2 kernels.
   
        * Title: "How To Make Sure Your Driver Will Work On The Power
          Macintosh"
          Author: Paul Mackerras.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/261
          Keywords: Mac, Power Macintosh, porting, drivers, compatibility.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "An Introduction to SCSI Drivers"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/284
          Keywords: SCSI, device, driver.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "Advanced SCSI Drivers And Other Tales"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/307
          Keywords: SCSI, device, driver, advanced.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "Writing Linux Mouse Drivers"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/330
          Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "More on Mouse Drivers"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/356
          Keywords: mouse, driver, gpm, races, asynchronous I/O.
          Description: The title still says it all.
   
        * Title: "Writing Video4linux Radio Driver"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/381
          Keywords: video4linux, driver, radio, radio devices.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "Video4linux Drivers, Part 1: Video-Capture Device"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/406
          Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices,
          camera driver.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "Video4linux Drivers, Part 2: Video-capture Devices"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/429
          Keywords: video4linux, driver, video capture, capture devices,
          camera driver, control, query capabilities, capability, facility.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "PCI Management in Linux 2.2"
          Author: Alan Cox.
          URL: http://www.linux-mag.com/id/452
          Keywords: PCI, bus, bus-mastering.
          Description: The title says it all.
   
        * Title: "Linux 2.4 Kernel Internals"
          Author: Tigran Aivazian and Christoph Hellwig.
          URL: http://www.moses.uklinux.net/patches/lki.html
          Keywords: Linux, kernel, booting, SMB boot, VFS, page cache.
          Description: A little book used for a short training course.
          Covers building the kernel image, booting (including SMP bootup),
          process management, VFS and more.
   
        * Title: "Linux IP Networking. A Guide to the Implementation and
          Modification of the Linux Protocol Stack."
          Author: Glenn Herrin.
          URL: http://www.cs.unh.edu/cnrg/gherrin
          Keywords: network, networking, protocol, IP, UDP, TCP, connection,
          socket, receiving, transmitting, forwarding, routing, packets,
          modules, /proc, sk_buff, FIB, tags.
          Description: Excellent paper devoted to the Linux IP Networking,
          explaining anything from the kernel's to the user space
          configuration tools' code. Very good to get a general overview of
          the kernel networking implementation and understand all steps
          packets follow from the time they are received at the network
          device till they are delivered to applications. The studied kernel
          code is from 2.2.14 version. Provides code for a working packet
          dropper example.
          
        * Title: "Get those boards talking under Linux."
          Author: Alex Ivchenko.
          URL: http://www.edn.com/article/CA46968.html
          Keywords: data-acquisition boards, drivers, modules, interrupts,
          memory allocation.
          Description: Article written for people wishing to make their data
          acquisition boards work on their GNU/Linux machines. Gives a basic
          overview on writing drivers, from the naming of functions to
          interrupt handling.
          Notes: Two-parts article. Part II is at
          URL: http://www.edn.com/article/CA46998.html
          
        * Title: "Linux PCMCIA Programmer's Guide"
          Author: David Hinds.
          URL: http://pcmcia-cs.sourceforge.net/ftp/doc/PCMCIA-PROG.html
          Keywords: PCMCIA.
          Description: "This document describes how to write kernel device
          drivers for the Linux PCMCIA Card Services interface. It also
          describes how to write user-mode utilities for communicating with
          Card Services.
   
        * Title: "The Linux Kernel NFSD Implementation"
          Author: Neil Brown.
          URL:
          http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/linux-commentary/nfsd.html
          Keywords: knfsd, nfsd, NFS, RPC, lockd, mountd, statd.
          Description: The title says it all.
          Notes: Covers knfsd's version 1.4.7 (patch against 2.2.7 kernel).
          
        * Title: "A Linux vm README"
          Author: Kanoj Sarcar.
          URL: http://kos.enix.org/pub/linux-vmm.html
          Keywords: virtual memory, mm, pgd, vma, page, page flags, page
          cache, swap cache, kswapd.
          Description: Telegraphic, short descriptions and definitions
          relating the Linux virtual memory implementation.
          
        * Title: "(nearly) Complete Linux Loadable Kernel Modules. The
          definitive guide for hackers, virus coders and system
          administrators."
          Author: pragmatic/THC.
          URL: http://packetstormsecurity.org/docs/hack/LKM_HACKING.html
          Keywords: syscalls, intercept, hide, abuse, symbol table.
          Description: Interesting paper on how to abuse the Linux kernel in
          order to intercept and modify syscalls, make
          files/directories/processes invisible, become root, hijack ttys,
          write kernel modules based virus... and solutions for admins to
          avoid all those abuses.
          Notes: For 2.0.x kernels. Gives guidances to port it to 2.2.x
          kernels.
          
        BOOKS: (Not on-line)
      
        * Title: "Linux Device Drivers"
          Author: Alessandro Rubini.
          Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates.
          Date: 1998.
          Pages: 439.
          ISBN: 1-56592-292-1
          
        * Title: "Linux Device Drivers, 2nd Edition"
          Author: Alessandro Rubini and Jonathan Corbet.
          Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates.
          Date: 2001.
          Pages: 586.
          ISBN: 0-59600-008-1
          Notes: Further information in
          http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive2/
   
        * Title: "Linux Device Drivers, 3rd Edition"
          Authors: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, and Greg Kroah-Hartman
          Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates.
          Date: 2005.
          Pages: 636.
          ISBN: 0-596-00590-3
          Notes: Further information in
          http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive3/
          PDF format, URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
   
        * Title: "Linux Kernel Internals"
          Author: Michael Beck.
          Publisher: Addison-Wesley.
          Date: 1997.
          ISBN: 0-201-33143-8 (second edition)
          
        * Title: "The Design of the UNIX Operating System"
          Author: Maurice J. Bach.
          Publisher: Prentice Hall.
          Date: 1986.
          Pages: 471.
          ISBN: 0-13-201757-1
          
        * Title: "The Design and Implementation of the 4.3 BSD UNIX
          Operating System"
          Author: Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk McKusick, Michael J.
          Karels, John S. Quarterman.
          Publisher: Addison-Wesley.
          Date: 1989 (reprinted with corrections on October, 1990).
          ISBN: 0-201-06196-1
          
        * Title: "The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSD UNIX
          Operating System"
          Author: Marshall Kirk McKusick, Keith Bostic, Michael J. Karels,
          John S. Quarterman.
          Publisher: Addison-Wesley.
          Date: 1996.
          ISBN: 0-201-54979-4
          
        * Title: "Programmation Linux 2.0 API systeme et fonctionnement du
          noyau"
          Author: Remy Card, Eric Dumas, Franck Mevel.
          Publisher: Eyrolles.
          Date: 1997.
          Pages: 520.
          ISBN: 2-212-08932-5
          Notes: French.
   
        * Title: "Unix internals -- the new frontiers"
          Author: Uresh Vahalia.
          Publisher: Prentice Hall.
          Date: 1996.
          Pages: 600.
          ISBN: 0-13-101908-2
   
        * Title: "Programming for the real world - POSIX.4"
          Author: Bill O. Gallmeister.
          Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc..
          Date: 1995.
          Pages: ???.
          ISBN: I-56592-074-0
          Notes: Though not being directly about Linux, Linux aims to be
          POSIX. Good reference.
   
        * Title:  "UNIX  Systems  for  Modern Architectures: Symmetric
          Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers"
          Author: Curt Schimmel.
          Publisher: Addison Wesley.
          Date: June, 1994.
          Pages: 432.
          ISBN: 0-201-63338-8
   
        MISCELLANEOUS:
   
        * Name: linux/Documentation
          Author: Many.
          URL: Just look inside your kernel sources.
          Keywords: anything, DocBook.
          Description: Documentation that comes with the kernel sources,
          inside the Documentation directory. Some pages from this document
          (including this document itself) have been moved there, and might
          be more up to date than the web version.
   
        * Name: "Linux Kernel Source Reference"
          Author: Thomas Graichen.
          URL: http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=96446640102205&w=4
          Keywords: CVS, web, cvsweb, browsing source code.
          Description: Web interface to a CVS server with the kernel
          sources. "Here you can have a look at any file of the Linux kernel
          sources of any version starting from 1.0 up to the (daily updated)
          current version available. Also you can check the differences
          between two versions of a file".
   
        * Name: "Cross-Referencing Linux"
          URL: http://lxr.linux.no/source/
          Keywords: Browsing source code.
          Description: Another web-based Linux kernel source code browser.
          Lots of cross references to variables and functions. You can see
          where they are defined and where they are used.
   
        * Name: "Linux Weekly News"
          URL: http://lwn.net
          Keywords: latest kernel news.
          Description: The title says it all. There's a fixed kernel section
          summarizing developers' work, bug fixes, new features and versions
          produced during the week. Published every Thursday.
   
        * Name: "Kernel Traffic"
          URL: http://kt.earth.li/kernel-traffic/index.html
          Keywords: linux-kernel mailing list, weekly kernel news.
          Description: Weekly newsletter covering the most relevant
          discussions of the linux-kernel mailing list.
   
        * Name: "CuTTiNG.eDGe.LiNuX"
          URL: http://edge.kernelnotes.org
          Keywords: changelist.
          Description: Site which provides the changelist for every kernel
          release. What's new, what's better, what's changed. Myrdraal reads
          the patches and describes them. Pointers to the patches are there,
          too.
   
        * Name: "New linux-kernel Mailing List FAQ"
          URL: http://www.tux.org/lkml/
          Keywords: linux-kernel mailing list FAQ.
          Description: linux-kernel is a mailing list for developers to
          communicate. This FAQ builds on the previous linux-kernel mailing
          list FAQ maintained by Frohwalt Egerer, who no longer maintains
          it. Read it to see how to join the mailing list. Dozens of
          interesting questions regarding the list, Linux, developers (who
          is ...?), terms (what is...?) are answered here too. Just read it.
   
        * Name: "Linux Virtual File System"
          Author: Peter J. Braam.
          URL: http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/doc/talks/linuxvfs/
          Keywords: slides, VFS, inode, superblock, dentry, dcache.
          Description: Set of slides, presumably from a presentation on the
          Linux VFS layer. Covers version 2.1.x, with dentries and the
          dcache.
   
        * Name: "Gary's Encyclopedia - The Linux Kernel"
          Author: Gary (I suppose...).
          URL: http://slencyclopedia.berlios.de/index.html
          Keywords: linux, community, everything!
          Description: Gary's Encyclopedia exists to allow the rapid finding
          of documentation and other information of interest to GNU/Linux
          users. It has about 4000 links to external pages in 150 major
          categories. This link is for kernel-specific links, documents,
          sites...  This list is now hosted by developer.Berlios.de,
          but seems not to have been updated since sometime in 1999.
   
        * Name: "The home page of Linux-MM"
          Author: The Linux-MM team.
          URL: http://linux-mm.org/
          Keywords: memory management, Linux-MM, mm patches, TODO, docs,
          mailing list.
          Description: Site devoted to Linux Memory Management development.
          Memory related patches, HOWTOs, links, mm developers... Don't miss
          it if you are interested in memory management development!
   
        * Name: "Kernel Newbies IRC Channel"
          URL: http://www.kernelnewbies.org
          Keywords: IRC, newbies, channel, asking doubts.
          Description: #kernelnewbies on irc.openprojects.net. From the web
          page: "#kernelnewbies is an IRC network dedicated to the 'newbie'
          kernel hacker. The audience mostly consists of people who are
          learning about the kernel, working on kernel projects or
          professional kernel hackers that want to help less seasoned kernel
          people. [...] #kernelnewbies is on the Open Projects IRC Network,
          try irc.openprojects.net or irc.<country>.openprojects.net as your
          server and then /join #kernelnewbies". It also hosts articles,
          documents, FAQs...
          
        * Name: "linux-kernel mailing list archives and search engines"
          URL: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html
          URL: http://www.uwsg.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/index.html
          URL: http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel
          URL: http://groups.google.com/group/mlist.linux.kernel
          URL: http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/linux/linux-kernel/
          URL: http://www.lib.uaa.alaska.edu/linux-kernel/
          Keywords: linux-kernel, archives, search.
          Description: Some of the linux-kernel mailing list archivers. If
          you have a better/another one, please let me know.
        _________________________________________________________________
      
      Document last updated on Sat 2005-NOV-19

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