The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System, Second Edition
Now available: The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System (Second Edition)


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    1                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
    2                        Version 2, June 1991
    3 
    4  Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    5                           675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
    6  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
    7  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
    8 
    9                             Preamble
   10 
   11   The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
   12 freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
   13 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
   14 software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
   15 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
   16 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
   17 using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
   18 the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
   19 your programs, too.
   20 
   21   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
   22 price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
   23 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
   24 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
   25 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
   26 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
   27 
   28   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
   29 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
   30 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
   31 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
   32 
   33   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
   34 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
   35 you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
   36 source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
   37 rights.
   38 
   39   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
   40 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
   41 distribute and/or modify the software.
   42 
   43   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
   44 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
   45 software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
   46 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
   47 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
   48 authors' reputations.
   49 
   50   Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
   51 patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
   52 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
   53 program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
   54 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
   55 
   56   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
   57 modification follow.
   58 
   59                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
   60    TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
   61 
   62   0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains
   63 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
   64 under the terms of this General Public License.  The "Program", below,
   65 refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
   66 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
   67 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
   68 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
   69 language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
   70 the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed as "you".
   71 
   72 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
   73 covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
   74 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
   75 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
   76 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
   77 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
   78 
   79   1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
   80 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
   81 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
   82 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
   83 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
   84 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
   85 along with the Program.
   86 
   87 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
   88 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
   89 
   90   2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
   91 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
   92 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
   93 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
   94 
   95     a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
   96     stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
   97 
   98     b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
   99     whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
  100     part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
  101     parties under the terms of this License.
  102 
  103     c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
  104     when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
  105     interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
  106     announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
  107     notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
  108     a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
  109     these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
  110     License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
  111     does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
  112     the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
  113 
  114 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
  115 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
  116 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
  117 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
  118 sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
  119 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
  120 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
  121 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
  122 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
  123 
  124 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
  125 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
  126 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
  127 collective works based on the Program.
  128 
  129 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
  130 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
  131 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
  132 the scope of this License.
  133 
  134   3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
  135 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
  136 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
  137 
  138     a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
  139     source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
  140     1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
  141 
  142     b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
  143     years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
  144     cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
  145     machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
  146     distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
  147     customarily used for software interchange; or,
  148 
  149     c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
  150     to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
  151     allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
  152     received the program in object code or executable form with such
  153     an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
  154 
  155 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
  156 making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
  157 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
  158 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
  159 control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
  160 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
  161 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
  162 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
  163 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
  164 itself accompanies the executable.
  165 
  166 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
  167 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
  168 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
  169 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
  170 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
  171 
  172   4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
  173 except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
  174 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
  175 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
  176 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
  177 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
  178 parties remain in full compliance.
  179 
  180   5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
  181 signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
  182 distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
  183 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
  184 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
  185 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
  186 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
  187 the Program or works based on it.
  188 
  189   6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
  190 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
  191 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
  192 these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
  193 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
  194 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
  195 this License.
  196 
  197   7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
  198 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
  199 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
  200 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
  201 excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
  202 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
  203 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
  204 may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
  205 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
  206 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
  207 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
  208 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
  209 
  210 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
  211 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
  212 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
  213 circumstances.
  214 
  215 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
  216 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
  217 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
  218 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
  219 implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
  220 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
  221 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
  222 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
  223 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
  224 impose that choice.
  225 
  226 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
  227 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
  228 
  229   8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
  230 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
  231 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
  232 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
  233 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
  234 countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
  235 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
  236 
  237   9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
  238 of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
  239 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
  240 address new problems or concerns.
  241 
  242 Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
  243 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
  244 later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
  245 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
  246 Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
  247 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
  248 Foundation.
  249 
  250   10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
  251 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
  252 to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
  253 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
  254 make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
  255 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
  256 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
  257 
  258                             NO WARRANTY
  259 
  260   11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
  261 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
  262 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
  263 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
  264 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
  265 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
  266 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
  267 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
  268 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
  269 
  270   12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
  271 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
  272 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
  273 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
  274 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
  275 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
  276 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
  277 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
  278 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
  279 
  280                      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
  281 
  282             How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
  283 
  284   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
  285 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
  286 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
  287 
  288   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
  289 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
  290 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
  291 the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
  292 
  293     <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
  294     Copyright (C) 19yy  <name of author>
  295 
  296     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  297     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  298     the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
  299     (at your option) any later version.
  300 
  301     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  302     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  303     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  304     GNU General Public License for more details.
  305 
  306     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  307     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  308     Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
  309 
  310 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
  311 
  312 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
  313 when it starts in an interactive mode:
  314 
  315     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
  316     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
  317     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
  318     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
  319 
  320 The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
  321 parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may
  322 be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
  323 mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
  324 
  325 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
  326 school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
  327 necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
  328 
  329   Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
  330   `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
  331 
  332   <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
  333   Ty Coon, President of Vice
  334 
  335 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
  336 proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
  337 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
  338 library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
  339 Public License instead of this License.

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