FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/i386/xen/pmap.c

     /*-
      * Copyright (c) 1991 Regents of the University of California.
      * All rights reserved.
      * Copyright (c) 1994 John S. Dyson
      * All rights reserved.
      * Copyright (c) 1994 David Greenman
      * All rights reserved.
      * Copyright (c) 2005 Alan L. Cox <alc@cs.rice.edu>
      * All rights reserved.
     *
     * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
     * the Systems Programming Group of the University of Utah Computer
     * Science Department and William Jolitz of UUNET Technologies Inc.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
     *    must display the following acknowledgement:
     *      This product includes software developed by the University of
     *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
     * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
     *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
     *    without specific prior written permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
     * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
     * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
     * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
     * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
     * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
     * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     * SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     *      from:   @(#)pmap.c      7.7 (Berkeley)  5/12/91
     */
    /*-
     * Copyright (c) 2003 Networks Associates Technology, Inc.
     * All rights reserved.
     *
     * This software was developed for the FreeBSD Project by Jake Burkholder,
     * Safeport Network Services, and Network Associates Laboratories, the
     * Security Research Division of Network Associates, Inc. under
     * DARPA/SPAWAR contract N66001-01-C-8035 ("CBOSS"), as part of the DARPA
     * CHATS research program.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
     * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
     * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
     * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
     * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
     * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
     * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     * SUCH DAMAGE.
     */
    
    #include <sys/cdefs.h>
    __FBSDID("$FreeBSD: releng/9.0/sys/i386/xen/pmap.c 225418 2011-09-06 10:30:11Z kib $");
    
    /*
     *      Manages physical address maps.
     *
     *      In addition to hardware address maps, this
     *      module is called upon to provide software-use-only
     *      maps which may or may not be stored in the same
     *      form as hardware maps.  These pseudo-maps are
     *      used to store intermediate results from copy
     *      operations to and from address spaces.
     *
     *      Since the information managed by this module is
     *      also stored by the logical address mapping module,
     *      this module may throw away valid virtual-to-physical
     *      mappings at almost any time.  However, invalidations
     *      of virtual-to-physical mappings must be done as
     *      requested.
     *
     *      In order to cope with hardware architectures which
     *      make virtual-to-physical map invalidates expensive,
     *      this module may delay invalidate or reduced protection
    *      operations until such time as they are actually
    *      necessary.  This module is given full information as
    *      to which processors are currently using which maps,
    *      and to when physical maps must be made correct.
    */
   
   #include "opt_cpu.h"
   #include "opt_pmap.h"
   #include "opt_smp.h"
   #include "opt_xbox.h"
   
   #include <sys/param.h>
   #include <sys/systm.h>
   #include <sys/kernel.h>
   #include <sys/ktr.h>
   #include <sys/lock.h>
   #include <sys/malloc.h>
   #include <sys/mman.h>
   #include <sys/msgbuf.h>
   #include <sys/mutex.h>
   #include <sys/proc.h>
   #include <sys/sf_buf.h>
   #include <sys/sx.h>
   #include <sys/vmmeter.h>
   #include <sys/sched.h>
   #include <sys/sysctl.h>
   #ifdef SMP
   #include <sys/smp.h>
   #endif
   
   #include <vm/vm.h>
   #include <vm/vm_param.h>
   #include <vm/vm_kern.h>
   #include <vm/vm_page.h>
   #include <vm/vm_map.h>
   #include <vm/vm_object.h>
   #include <vm/vm_extern.h>
   #include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
   #include <vm/vm_pager.h>
   #include <vm/uma.h>
   
   #include <machine/cpu.h>
   #include <machine/cputypes.h>
   #include <machine/md_var.h>
   #include <machine/pcb.h>
   #include <machine/specialreg.h>
   #ifdef SMP
   #include <machine/smp.h>
   #endif
   
   #ifdef XBOX
   #include <machine/xbox.h>
   #endif
   
   #include <xen/interface/xen.h>
   #include <xen/hypervisor.h>
   #include <machine/xen/hypercall.h>
   #include <machine/xen/xenvar.h>
   #include <machine/xen/xenfunc.h>
   
   #if !defined(CPU_DISABLE_SSE) && defined(I686_CPU)
   #define CPU_ENABLE_SSE
   #endif
   
   #ifndef PMAP_SHPGPERPROC
   #define PMAP_SHPGPERPROC 200
   #endif
   
   #define DIAGNOSTIC
   
   #if !defined(DIAGNOSTIC)
   #ifdef __GNUC_GNU_INLINE__
   #define PMAP_INLINE     __attribute__((__gnu_inline__)) inline
   #else
   #define PMAP_INLINE     extern inline
   #endif
   #else
   #define PMAP_INLINE
   #endif
   
   #define PV_STATS
   #ifdef PV_STATS
   #define PV_STAT(x)      do { x ; } while (0)
   #else
   #define PV_STAT(x)      do { } while (0)
   #endif
   
   #define pa_index(pa)    ((pa) >> PDRSHIFT)
   #define pa_to_pvh(pa)   (&pv_table[pa_index(pa)])
   
   /*
    * Get PDEs and PTEs for user/kernel address space
    */
   #define pmap_pde(m, v)  (&((m)->pm_pdir[(vm_offset_t)(v) >> PDRSHIFT]))
   #define pdir_pde(m, v) (m[(vm_offset_t)(v) >> PDRSHIFT])
   
   #define pmap_pde_v(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_V) != 0)
   #define pmap_pte_w(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_W) != 0)
   #define pmap_pte_m(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_M) != 0)
   #define pmap_pte_u(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_A) != 0)
   #define pmap_pte_v(pte)         ((*(int *)pte & PG_V) != 0)
   
   #define pmap_pte_set_prot(pte, v) ((*(int *)pte &= ~PG_PROT), (*(int *)pte |= (v)))
   
   #define HAMFISTED_LOCKING
   #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
   static struct mtx createdelete_lock;
   #endif
   
   struct pmap kernel_pmap_store;
   LIST_HEAD(pmaplist, pmap);
   static struct pmaplist allpmaps;
   static struct mtx allpmaps_lock;
   
   vm_offset_t virtual_avail;      /* VA of first avail page (after kernel bss) */
   vm_offset_t virtual_end;        /* VA of last avail page (end of kernel AS) */
   int pgeflag = 0;                /* PG_G or-in */
   int pseflag = 0;                /* PG_PS or-in */
   
   int nkpt;
   vm_offset_t kernel_vm_end;
   extern u_int32_t KERNend;
   
   #ifdef PAE
   pt_entry_t pg_nx;
   #endif
   
   static int pat_works;                   /* Is page attribute table sane? */
   
   /*
    * Data for the pv entry allocation mechanism
    */
   static int pv_entry_count = 0, pv_entry_max = 0, pv_entry_high_water = 0;
   static struct md_page *pv_table;
   static int shpgperproc = PMAP_SHPGPERPROC;
   
   struct pv_chunk *pv_chunkbase;          /* KVA block for pv_chunks */
   int pv_maxchunks;                       /* How many chunks we have KVA for */
   vm_offset_t pv_vafree;                  /* freelist stored in the PTE */
   
   /*
    * All those kernel PT submaps that BSD is so fond of
    */
   struct sysmaps {
           struct  mtx lock;
           pt_entry_t *CMAP1;
           pt_entry_t *CMAP2;
           caddr_t CADDR1;
           caddr_t CADDR2;
   };
   static struct sysmaps sysmaps_pcpu[MAXCPU];
   static pt_entry_t *CMAP3;
   caddr_t ptvmmap = 0;
   static caddr_t CADDR3;
   struct msgbuf *msgbufp = 0;
   
   /*
    * Crashdump maps.
    */
   static caddr_t crashdumpmap;
   
   static pt_entry_t *PMAP1 = 0, *PMAP2;
   static pt_entry_t *PADDR1 = 0, *PADDR2;
   #ifdef SMP
   static int PMAP1cpu;
   static int PMAP1changedcpu;
   SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, PMAP1changedcpu, CTLFLAG_RD, 
              &PMAP1changedcpu, 0,
              "Number of times pmap_pte_quick changed CPU with same PMAP1");
   #endif
   static int PMAP1changed;
   SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, PMAP1changed, CTLFLAG_RD, 
              &PMAP1changed, 0,
              "Number of times pmap_pte_quick changed PMAP1");
   static int PMAP1unchanged;
   SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, PMAP1unchanged, CTLFLAG_RD, 
              &PMAP1unchanged, 0,
              "Number of times pmap_pte_quick didn't change PMAP1");
   static struct mtx PMAP2mutex;
   
   SYSCTL_NODE(_vm, OID_AUTO, pmap, CTLFLAG_RD, 0, "VM/pmap parameters");
   static int pg_ps_enabled;
   SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pg_ps_enabled, CTLFLAG_RDTUN, &pg_ps_enabled, 0,
       "Are large page mappings enabled?");
   
   SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_max, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_max, 0,
           "Max number of PV entries");
   SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, shpgperproc, CTLFLAG_RD, &shpgperproc, 0,
           "Page share factor per proc");
   SYSCTL_NODE(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pde, CTLFLAG_RD, 0,
       "2/4MB page mapping counters");
   
   static u_long pmap_pde_mappings;
   SYSCTL_ULONG(_vm_pmap_pde, OID_AUTO, mappings, CTLFLAG_RD,
       &pmap_pde_mappings, 0, "2/4MB page mappings");
   
   static void     free_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, pv_entry_t pv);
   static pv_entry_t get_pv_entry(pmap_t locked_pmap, int try);
   static void     pmap_pvh_free(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va);
   static pv_entry_t pmap_pvh_remove(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap,
                       vm_offset_t va);
   
   static vm_page_t pmap_enter_quick_locked(multicall_entry_t **mcl, int *count, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va,
       vm_page_t m, vm_prot_t prot, vm_page_t mpte);
   static int pmap_remove_pte(pmap_t pmap, pt_entry_t *ptq, vm_offset_t sva,
       vm_page_t *free);
   static void pmap_remove_page(struct pmap *pmap, vm_offset_t va,
       vm_page_t *free);
   static void pmap_remove_entry(struct pmap *pmap, vm_page_t m,
                                           vm_offset_t va);
   static boolean_t pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va,
       vm_page_t m);
   
   static vm_page_t pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, int flags);
   
   static vm_page_t _pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, unsigned ptepindex, int flags);
   static int _pmap_unwire_pte_hold(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, vm_page_t *free);
   static pt_entry_t *pmap_pte_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va);
   static void pmap_pte_release(pt_entry_t *pte);
   static int pmap_unuse_pt(pmap_t, vm_offset_t, vm_page_t *);
   static vm_offset_t pmap_kmem_choose(vm_offset_t addr);
   static boolean_t pmap_is_prefaultable_locked(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr);
   static void pmap_kenter_attr(vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa, int mode);
   
   static __inline void pagezero(void *page);
   
   CTASSERT(1 << PDESHIFT == sizeof(pd_entry_t));
   CTASSERT(1 << PTESHIFT == sizeof(pt_entry_t));
   
   /*
    * If you get an error here, then you set KVA_PAGES wrong! See the
    * description of KVA_PAGES in sys/i386/include/pmap.h. It must be
    * multiple of 4 for a normal kernel, or a multiple of 8 for a PAE.
    */
   CTASSERT(KERNBASE % (1 << 24) == 0);
   
   
   
   void 
   pd_set(struct pmap *pmap, int ptepindex, vm_paddr_t val, int type)
   {
           vm_paddr_t pdir_ma = vtomach(&pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex]);
           
           switch (type) {
           case SH_PD_SET_VA:
   #if 0           
                   xen_queue_pt_update(shadow_pdir_ma,
                                       xpmap_ptom(val & ~(PG_RW)));
   #endif          
                   xen_queue_pt_update(pdir_ma,
                                       xpmap_ptom(val));   
                   break;
           case SH_PD_SET_VA_MA:
   #if 0           
                   xen_queue_pt_update(shadow_pdir_ma,
                                       val & ~(PG_RW));
   #endif          
                   xen_queue_pt_update(pdir_ma, val);      
                   break;
           case SH_PD_SET_VA_CLEAR:
   #if 0
                   xen_queue_pt_update(shadow_pdir_ma, 0);
   #endif          
                   xen_queue_pt_update(pdir_ma, 0);        
                   break;
           }
   }
   
   /*
    * Move the kernel virtual free pointer to the next
    * 4MB.  This is used to help improve performance
    * by using a large (4MB) page for much of the kernel
    * (.text, .data, .bss)
    */
   static vm_offset_t
   pmap_kmem_choose(vm_offset_t addr)
   {
           vm_offset_t newaddr = addr;
   
   #ifndef DISABLE_PSE
           if (cpu_feature & CPUID_PSE)
                   newaddr = (addr + PDRMASK) & ~PDRMASK;
   #endif
           return newaddr;
   }
   
   /*
    *      Bootstrap the system enough to run with virtual memory.
    *
    *      On the i386 this is called after mapping has already been enabled
    *      and just syncs the pmap module with what has already been done.
    *      [We can't call it easily with mapping off since the kernel is not
    *      mapped with PA == VA, hence we would have to relocate every address
    *      from the linked base (virtual) address "KERNBASE" to the actual
    *      (physical) address starting relative to 0]
    */
   void
   pmap_bootstrap(vm_paddr_t firstaddr)
   {
           vm_offset_t va;
           pt_entry_t *pte, *unused;
           struct sysmaps *sysmaps;
           int i;
   
           /*
            * XXX The calculation of virtual_avail is wrong. It's NKPT*PAGE_SIZE too
            * large. It should instead be correctly calculated in locore.s and
            * not based on 'first' (which is a physical address, not a virtual
            * address, for the start of unused physical memory). The kernel
            * page tables are NOT double mapped and thus should not be included
            * in this calculation.
            */
           virtual_avail = (vm_offset_t) KERNBASE + firstaddr;
           virtual_avail = pmap_kmem_choose(virtual_avail);
   
           virtual_end = VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS;
   
           /*
            * Initialize the kernel pmap (which is statically allocated).
            */
           PMAP_LOCK_INIT(kernel_pmap);
           kernel_pmap->pm_pdir = (pd_entry_t *) (KERNBASE + (u_int)IdlePTD);
   #ifdef PAE
           kernel_pmap->pm_pdpt = (pdpt_entry_t *) (KERNBASE + (u_int)IdlePDPT);
   #endif
           CPU_FILL(&kernel_pmap->pm_active);      /* don't allow deactivation */
           TAILQ_INIT(&kernel_pmap->pm_pvchunk);
           LIST_INIT(&allpmaps);
           mtx_init(&allpmaps_lock, "allpmaps", NULL, MTX_SPIN);
           mtx_lock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
           LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&allpmaps, kernel_pmap, pm_list);
           mtx_unlock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
           if (nkpt == 0)
                   nkpt = NKPT;
   
           /*
            * Reserve some special page table entries/VA space for temporary
            * mapping of pages.
            */
   #define SYSMAP(c, p, v, n)      \
           v = (c)va; va += ((n)*PAGE_SIZE); p = pte; pte += (n);
   
           va = virtual_avail;
           pte = vtopte(va);
   
           /*
            * CMAP1/CMAP2 are used for zeroing and copying pages.
            * CMAP3 is used for the idle process page zeroing.
            */
           for (i = 0; i < MAXCPU; i++) {
                   sysmaps = &sysmaps_pcpu[i];
                   mtx_init(&sysmaps->lock, "SYSMAPS", NULL, MTX_DEF);
                   SYSMAP(caddr_t, sysmaps->CMAP1, sysmaps->CADDR1, 1)
                   SYSMAP(caddr_t, sysmaps->CMAP2, sysmaps->CADDR2, 1)
                   PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR1, 0);
                   PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, 0);
           }
           SYSMAP(caddr_t, CMAP3, CADDR3, 1)
           PT_SET_MA(CADDR3, 0);
   
           /*
            * Crashdump maps.
            */
           SYSMAP(caddr_t, unused, crashdumpmap, MAXDUMPPGS)
   
           /*
            * ptvmmap is used for reading arbitrary physical pages via /dev/mem.
            */
           SYSMAP(caddr_t, unused, ptvmmap, 1)
   
           /*
            * msgbufp is used to map the system message buffer.
            */
           SYSMAP(struct msgbuf *, unused, msgbufp, atop(round_page(msgbufsize)))
   
           /*
            * ptemap is used for pmap_pte_quick
            */
           SYSMAP(pt_entry_t *, PMAP1, PADDR1, 1);
           SYSMAP(pt_entry_t *, PMAP2, PADDR2, 1);
   
           mtx_init(&PMAP2mutex, "PMAP2", NULL, MTX_DEF);
   
           virtual_avail = va;
   
           /*
            * Leave in place an identity mapping (virt == phys) for the low 1 MB
            * physical memory region that is used by the ACPI wakeup code.  This
            * mapping must not have PG_G set. 
            */
   #ifndef XEN
           /*
            * leave here deliberately to show that this is not supported
            */
   #ifdef XBOX
           /* FIXME: This is gross, but needed for the XBOX. Since we are in such
            * an early stadium, we cannot yet neatly map video memory ... :-(
            * Better fixes are very welcome! */
           if (!arch_i386_is_xbox)
   #endif
           for (i = 1; i < NKPT; i++)
                   PTD[i] = 0;
   
           /* Initialize the PAT MSR if present. */
           pmap_init_pat();
   
           /* Turn on PG_G on kernel page(s) */
           pmap_set_pg();
   #endif
   
   #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
           mtx_init(&createdelete_lock, "pmap create/delete", NULL, MTX_DEF);
   #endif
   }
   
   /*
    * Setup the PAT MSR.
    */
   void
   pmap_init_pat(void)
   {
           uint64_t pat_msr;
   
           /* Bail if this CPU doesn't implement PAT. */
           if (!(cpu_feature & CPUID_PAT))
                   return;
   
           if (cpu_vendor_id != CPU_VENDOR_INTEL ||
               (CPUID_TO_FAMILY(cpu_id) == 6 && CPUID_TO_MODEL(cpu_id) >= 0xe)) {
                   /*
                    * Leave the indices 0-3 at the default of WB, WT, UC, and UC-.
                    * Program 4 and 5 as WP and WC.
                    * Leave 6 and 7 as UC and UC-.
                    */
                   pat_msr = rdmsr(MSR_PAT);
                   pat_msr &= ~(PAT_MASK(4) | PAT_MASK(5));
                   pat_msr |= PAT_VALUE(4, PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED) |
                       PAT_VALUE(5, PAT_WRITE_COMBINING);
                   pat_works = 1;
           } else {
                   /*
                    * Due to some Intel errata, we can only safely use the lower 4
                    * PAT entries.  Thus, just replace PAT Index 2 with WC instead
                    * of UC-.
                    *
                    *   Intel Pentium III Processor Specification Update
                    * Errata E.27 (Upper Four PAT Entries Not Usable With Mode B
                    * or Mode C Paging)
                    *
                    *   Intel Pentium IV  Processor Specification Update
                    * Errata N46 (PAT Index MSB May Be Calculated Incorrectly)
                    */
                   pat_msr = rdmsr(MSR_PAT);
                   pat_msr &= ~PAT_MASK(2);
                   pat_msr |= PAT_VALUE(2, PAT_WRITE_COMBINING);
                   pat_works = 0;
           }
           wrmsr(MSR_PAT, pat_msr);
   }
   
   /*
    * Initialize a vm_page's machine-dependent fields.
    */
   void
   pmap_page_init(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           TAILQ_INIT(&m->md.pv_list);
           m->md.pat_mode = PAT_WRITE_BACK;
   }
   
   /*
    * ABuse the pte nodes for unmapped kva to thread a kva freelist through.
    * Requirements:
    *  - Must deal with pages in order to ensure that none of the PG_* bits
    *    are ever set, PG_V in particular.
    *  - Assumes we can write to ptes without pte_store() atomic ops, even
    *    on PAE systems.  This should be ok.
    *  - Assumes nothing will ever test these addresses for 0 to indicate
    *    no mapping instead of correctly checking PG_V.
    *  - Assumes a vm_offset_t will fit in a pte (true for i386).
    * Because PG_V is never set, there can be no mappings to invalidate.
    */
   static int ptelist_count = 0;
   static vm_offset_t
   pmap_ptelist_alloc(vm_offset_t *head)
   {
           vm_offset_t va;
           vm_offset_t *phead = (vm_offset_t *)*head;
           
           if (ptelist_count == 0) {
                   printf("out of memory!!!!!!\n");
                   return (0);     /* Out of memory */
           }
           ptelist_count--;
           va = phead[ptelist_count];
           return (va);
   }
   
   static void
   pmap_ptelist_free(vm_offset_t *head, vm_offset_t va)
   {
           vm_offset_t *phead = (vm_offset_t *)*head;
   
           phead[ptelist_count++] = va;
   }
   
   static void
   pmap_ptelist_init(vm_offset_t *head, void *base, int npages)
   {
           int i, nstackpages;
           vm_offset_t va;
           vm_page_t m;
           
           nstackpages = (npages + PAGE_SIZE/sizeof(vm_offset_t) - 1)/ (PAGE_SIZE/sizeof(vm_offset_t));
           for (i = 0; i < nstackpages; i++) {
                   va = (vm_offset_t)base + i * PAGE_SIZE;
                   m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, i,
                       VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_WIRED |
                       VM_ALLOC_ZERO);
                   pmap_qenter(va, &m, 1);
           }
   
           *head = (vm_offset_t)base;
           for (i = npages - 1; i >= nstackpages; i--) {
                   va = (vm_offset_t)base + i * PAGE_SIZE;
                   pmap_ptelist_free(head, va);
           }
   }
   
   
   /*
    *      Initialize the pmap module.
    *      Called by vm_init, to initialize any structures that the pmap
    *      system needs to map virtual memory.
    */
   void
   pmap_init(void)
   {
           vm_page_t mpte;
           vm_size_t s;
           int i, pv_npg;
   
           /*
            * Initialize the vm page array entries for the kernel pmap's
            * page table pages.
            */ 
           for (i = 0; i < nkpt; i++) {
                   mpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(xpmap_mtop(PTD[i + KPTDI] & PG_FRAME));
                   KASSERT(mpte >= vm_page_array &&
                       mpte < &vm_page_array[vm_page_array_size],
                       ("pmap_init: page table page is out of range"));
                   mpte->pindex = i + KPTDI;
                   mpte->phys_addr = xpmap_mtop(PTD[i + KPTDI] & PG_FRAME);
           }
   
           /*
            * Initialize the address space (zone) for the pv entries.  Set a
            * high water mark so that the system can recover from excessive
            * numbers of pv entries.
            */
           TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.pmap.shpgperproc", &shpgperproc);
           pv_entry_max = shpgperproc * maxproc + cnt.v_page_count;
           TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.pmap.pv_entries", &pv_entry_max);
           pv_entry_max = roundup(pv_entry_max, _NPCPV);
           pv_entry_high_water = 9 * (pv_entry_max / 10);
   
           /*
            * Are large page mappings enabled?
            */
           TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.pmap.pg_ps_enabled", &pg_ps_enabled);
   
           /*
            * Calculate the size of the pv head table for superpages.
            */
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1]; i += 2);
           pv_npg = round_4mpage(phys_avail[(i - 2) + 1]) / NBPDR;
   
           /*
            * Allocate memory for the pv head table for superpages.
            */
           s = (vm_size_t)(pv_npg * sizeof(struct md_page));
           s = round_page(s);
           pv_table = (struct md_page *)kmem_alloc(kernel_map, s);
           for (i = 0; i < pv_npg; i++)
                   TAILQ_INIT(&pv_table[i].pv_list);
   
           pv_maxchunks = MAX(pv_entry_max / _NPCPV, maxproc);
           pv_chunkbase = (struct pv_chunk *)kmem_alloc_nofault(kernel_map,
               PAGE_SIZE * pv_maxchunks);
           if (pv_chunkbase == NULL)
                   panic("pmap_init: not enough kvm for pv chunks");
           pmap_ptelist_init(&pv_vafree, pv_chunkbase, pv_maxchunks);
   }
   
   
   /***************************************************
    * Low level helper routines.....
    ***************************************************/
   
   /*
    * Determine the appropriate bits to set in a PTE or PDE for a specified
    * caching mode.
    */
   int
   pmap_cache_bits(int mode, boolean_t is_pde)
   {
           int pat_flag, pat_index, cache_bits;
   
           /* The PAT bit is different for PTE's and PDE's. */
           pat_flag = is_pde ? PG_PDE_PAT : PG_PTE_PAT;
   
           /* If we don't support PAT, map extended modes to older ones. */
           if (!(cpu_feature & CPUID_PAT)) {
                   switch (mode) {
                   case PAT_UNCACHEABLE:
                   case PAT_WRITE_THROUGH:
                   case PAT_WRITE_BACK:
                           break;
                   case PAT_UNCACHED:
                   case PAT_WRITE_COMBINING:
                   case PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED:
                           mode = PAT_UNCACHEABLE;
                           break;
                   }
           }
           
           /* Map the caching mode to a PAT index. */
           if (pat_works) {
                   switch (mode) {
                           case PAT_UNCACHEABLE:
                                   pat_index = 3;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_WRITE_THROUGH:
                                   pat_index = 1;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_WRITE_BACK:
                                   pat_index = 0;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_UNCACHED:
                                   pat_index = 2;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_WRITE_COMBINING:
                                   pat_index = 5;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED:
                                   pat_index = 4;
                                   break;
                           default:
                                   panic("Unknown caching mode %d\n", mode);
                   }
           } else {
                   switch (mode) {
                           case PAT_UNCACHED:
                           case PAT_UNCACHEABLE:
                           case PAT_WRITE_PROTECTED:
                                   pat_index = 3;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_WRITE_THROUGH:
                                   pat_index = 1;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_WRITE_BACK:
                                   pat_index = 0;
                                   break;
                           case PAT_WRITE_COMBINING:
                                   pat_index = 2;
                                   break;
                           default:
                                   panic("Unknown caching mode %d\n", mode);
                   }
           }       
   
           /* Map the 3-bit index value into the PAT, PCD, and PWT bits. */
           cache_bits = 0;
           if (pat_index & 0x4)
                   cache_bits |= pat_flag;
           if (pat_index & 0x2)
                   cache_bits |= PG_NC_PCD;
           if (pat_index & 0x1)
                   cache_bits |= PG_NC_PWT;
           return (cache_bits);
   }
   #ifdef SMP
   /*
    * For SMP, these functions have to use the IPI mechanism for coherence.
    *
    * N.B.: Before calling any of the following TLB invalidation functions,
    * the calling processor must ensure that all stores updating a non-
    * kernel page table are globally performed.  Otherwise, another
    * processor could cache an old, pre-update entry without being
    * invalidated.  This can happen one of two ways: (1) The pmap becomes
    * active on another processor after its pm_active field is checked by
    * one of the following functions but before a store updating the page
    * table is globally performed. (2) The pmap becomes active on another
    * processor before its pm_active field is checked but due to
    * speculative loads one of the following functions stills reads the
    * pmap as inactive on the other processor.
    * 
    * The kernel page table is exempt because its pm_active field is
    * immutable.  The kernel page table is always active on every
    * processor.
    */
   void
   pmap_invalidate_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
   {
           cpuset_t other_cpus;
           u_int cpuid;
   
           CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_invalidate_page: pmap=%p va=0x%x",
               pmap, va);
           
           sched_pin();
           if (pmap == kernel_pmap || !CPU_CMP(&pmap->pm_active, &all_cpus)) {
                   invlpg(va);
                   smp_invlpg(va);
           } else {
                   cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                   other_cpus = all_cpus;
                   CPU_CLR(cpuid, &other_cpus);
                   if (CPU_ISSET(cpuid, &pmap->pm_active))
                           invlpg(va);
                   CPU_AND(&other_cpus, &pmap->pm_active);
                   if (!CPU_EMPTY(&other_cpus))
                           smp_masked_invlpg(other_cpus, va);
           }
           sched_unpin();
           PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
   }
   
   void
   pmap_invalidate_range(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
   {
           cpuset_t other_cpus;
           vm_offset_t addr;
           u_int cpuid;
   
           CTR3(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_invalidate_page: pmap=%p eva=0x%x sva=0x%x",
               pmap, sva, eva);
   
           sched_pin();
           if (pmap == kernel_pmap || !CPU_CMP(&pmap->pm_active, &all_cpus)) {
                   for (addr = sva; addr < eva; addr += PAGE_SIZE)
                           invlpg(addr);
                   smp_invlpg_range(sva, eva);
           } else {
                   cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                   other_cpus = all_cpus;
                   CPU_CLR(cpuid, &other_cpus);
                   if (CPU_ISSET(cpuid, &pmap->pm_active))
                           for (addr = sva; addr < eva; addr += PAGE_SIZE)
                                   invlpg(addr);
                   CPU_AND(&other_cpus, &pmap->pm_active);
                   if (!CPU_EMPTY(&other_cpus))
                           smp_masked_invlpg_range(other_cpus, sva, eva);
           }
           sched_unpin();
           PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
   }
   
   void
   pmap_invalidate_all(pmap_t pmap)
   {
           cpuset_t other_cpus;
           u_int cpuid;
   
           CTR1(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_invalidate_page: pmap=%p", pmap);
   
           sched_pin();
           if (pmap == kernel_pmap || !CPU_CMP(&pmap->pm_active, &all_cpus)) {
                   invltlb();
                   smp_invltlb();
           } else {
                   cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                   other_cpus = all_cpus;
                   CPU_CLR(cpuid, &other_cpus);
                   if (CPU_ISSET(cpuid, &pmap->pm_active))
                           invltlb();
                   CPU_AND(&other_cpus, &pmap->pm_active);
                   if (!CPU_EMPTY(&other_cpus))
                           smp_masked_invltlb(other_cpus);
           }
           sched_unpin();
   }
   
   void
   pmap_invalidate_cache(void)
   {
   
           sched_pin();
           wbinvd();
           smp_cache_flush();
           sched_unpin();
   }
   #else /* !SMP */
   /*
    * Normal, non-SMP, 486+ invalidation functions.
    * We inline these within pmap.c for speed.
    */
   PMAP_INLINE void
   pmap_invalidate_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
   {
           CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_invalidate_page: pmap=%p va=0x%x",
               pmap, va);
   
           if (pmap == kernel_pmap || !CPU_EMPTY(&pmap->pm_active))
                   invlpg(va);
           PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
   }
   
   PMAP_INLINE void
   pmap_invalidate_range(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
   {
           vm_offset_t addr;
   
           if (eva - sva > PAGE_SIZE)
                   CTR3(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_invalidate_range: pmap=%p sva=0x%x eva=0x%x",
                       pmap, sva, eva);
   
           if (pmap == kernel_pmap || !CPU_EMPTY(&pmap->pm_active))
                   for (addr = sva; addr < eva; addr += PAGE_SIZE)
                           invlpg(addr);
           PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
   }
   
   PMAP_INLINE void
   pmap_invalidate_all(pmap_t pmap)
   {
   
           CTR1(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_invalidate_all: pmap=%p", pmap);
           
           if (pmap == kernel_pmap || !CPU_EMPTY(&pmap->pm_active))
                   invltlb();
   }
   
   PMAP_INLINE void
   pmap_invalidate_cache(void)
   {
   
           wbinvd();
   }
   #endif /* !SMP */
   
   void
   pmap_invalidate_cache_range(vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
   {
   
           KASSERT((sva & PAGE_MASK) == 0,
               ("pmap_invalidate_cache_range: sva not page-aligned"));
           KASSERT((eva & PAGE_MASK) == 0,
               ("pmap_invalidate_cache_range: eva not page-aligned"));
   
           if (cpu_feature & CPUID_SS)
                   ; /* If "Self Snoop" is supported, do nothing. */
           else if (cpu_feature & CPUID_CLFSH) {
   
                   /*
                    * Otherwise, do per-cache line flush.  Use the mfence
                    * instruction to insure that previous stores are
                    * included in the write-back.  The processor
                    * propagates flush to other processors in the cache
                    * coherence domain.
                    */
                   mfence();
                   for (; sva < eva; sva += cpu_clflush_line_size)
                           clflush(sva);
                   mfence();
           } else {
   
                   /*
                    * No targeted cache flush methods are supported by CPU,
                    * globally invalidate cache as a last resort.
                    */
                   pmap_invalidate_cache();
           }
   }
   
   /*
    * Are we current address space or kernel?  N.B. We return FALSE when
    * a pmap's page table is in use because a kernel thread is borrowing
    * it.  The borrowed page table can change spontaneously, making any
    * dependence on its continued use subject to a race condition.
    */
   static __inline int
   pmap_is_current(pmap_t pmap)
   {
   
           return (pmap == kernel_pmap ||
               (pmap == vmspace_pmap(curthread->td_proc->p_vmspace) &&
                   (pmap->pm_pdir[PTDPTDI] & PG_FRAME) == (PTDpde[0] & PG_FRAME)));
   }
   
   /*
    * If the given pmap is not the current or kernel pmap, the returned pte must
    * be released by passing it to pmap_pte_release().
    */
   pt_entry_t *
   pmap_pte(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
   {
           pd_entry_t newpf;
           pd_entry_t *pde;
  
          pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
          if (*pde & PG_PS)
                  return (pde);
          if (*pde != 0) {
                  /* are we current address space or kernel? */
                  if (pmap_is_current(pmap))
                          return (vtopte(va));
                  mtx_lock(&PMAP2mutex);
                  newpf = *pde & PG_FRAME;
                  if ((*PMAP2 & PG_FRAME) != newpf) {
                          vm_page_lock_queues();
                          PT_SET_MA(PADDR2, newpf | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M);
                          vm_page_unlock_queues();
                          CTR3(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_pte: pmap=%p va=0x%x newpte=0x%08x",
                              pmap, va, (*PMAP2 & 0xffffffff));
                  }
                  
                  return (PADDR2 + (i386_btop(va) & (NPTEPG - 1)));
          }
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   * Releases a pte that was obtained from pmap_pte().  Be prepared for the pte
   * being NULL.
   */
  static __inline void
  pmap_pte_release(pt_entry_t *pte)
  {
  
          if ((pt_entry_t *)((vm_offset_t)pte & ~PAGE_MASK) == PADDR2) {
                  CTR1(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_pte_release: pte=0x%jx",
                      *PMAP2);
                  vm_page_lock_queues();
                  PT_SET_VA(PMAP2, 0, TRUE);
                  vm_page_unlock_queues();
                  mtx_unlock(&PMAP2mutex);
          }
  }
  
  static __inline void
  invlcaddr(void *caddr)
  {
  
          invlpg((u_int)caddr);
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
  }
  
  /*
   * Super fast pmap_pte routine best used when scanning
   * the pv lists.  This eliminates many coarse-grained
   * invltlb calls.  Note that many of the pv list
   * scans are across different pmaps.  It is very wasteful
   * to do an entire invltlb for checking a single mapping.
   *
   * If the given pmap is not the current pmap, vm_page_queue_mtx
   * must be held and curthread pinned to a CPU.
   */
  static pt_entry_t *
  pmap_pte_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
  {
          pd_entry_t newpf;
          pd_entry_t *pde;
  
          pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
          if (*pde & PG_PS)
                  return (pde);
          if (*pde != 0) {
                  /* are we current address space or kernel? */
                  if (pmap_is_current(pmap))
                          return (vtopte(va));
                  mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
                  KASSERT(curthread->td_pinned > 0, ("curthread not pinned"));
                  newpf = *pde & PG_FRAME;
                  if ((*PMAP1 & PG_FRAME) != newpf) {
                          PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, newpf | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M);
                          CTR3(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_pte_quick: pmap=%p va=0x%x newpte=0x%08x",
                              pmap, va, (u_long)*PMAP1);
                          
  #ifdef SMP
                          PMAP1cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
  #endif
                          PMAP1changed++;
                  } else
  #ifdef SMP
                  if (PMAP1cpu != PCPU_GET(cpuid)) {
                          PMAP1cpu = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
                          invlcaddr(PADDR1);
                          PMAP1changedcpu++;
                  } else
  #endif
                          PMAP1unchanged++;
                  return (PADDR1 + (i386_btop(va) & (NPTEPG - 1)));
          }
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Routine:        pmap_extract
   *      Function:
   *              Extract the physical page address associated
   *              with the given map/virtual_address pair.
   */
  vm_paddr_t 
  pmap_extract(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
  {
          vm_paddr_t rtval;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          pd_entry_t pde;
          pt_entry_t pteval;
          
          rtval = 0;
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          pde = pmap->pm_pdir[va >> PDRSHIFT];
          if (pde != 0) {
                  if ((pde & PG_PS) != 0) {
                          rtval = xpmap_mtop(pde & PG_PS_FRAME) | (va & PDRMASK);
                          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                          return rtval;
                  }
                  pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                  pteval = *pte ? xpmap_mtop(*pte) : 0;
                  rtval = (pteval & PG_FRAME) | (va & PAGE_MASK);
                  pmap_pte_release(pte);
          }
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          return (rtval);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Routine:        pmap_extract_ma
   *      Function:
   *              Like pmap_extract, but returns machine address
   */
  vm_paddr_t 
  pmap_extract_ma(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
  {
          vm_paddr_t rtval;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          pd_entry_t pde;
  
          rtval = 0;
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          pde = pmap->pm_pdir[va >> PDRSHIFT];
          if (pde != 0) {
                  if ((pde & PG_PS) != 0) {
                          rtval = (pde & ~PDRMASK) | (va & PDRMASK);
                          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                          return rtval;
                  }
                  pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                  rtval = (*pte & PG_FRAME) | (va & PAGE_MASK);
                  pmap_pte_release(pte);
          }
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          return (rtval);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Routine:        pmap_extract_and_hold
   *      Function:
   *              Atomically extract and hold the physical page
   *              with the given pmap and virtual address pair
   *              if that mapping permits the given protection.
   */
  vm_page_t
  pmap_extract_and_hold(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_prot_t prot)
  {
          pd_entry_t pde;
          pt_entry_t pte;
          vm_page_t m;
          vm_paddr_t pa;
  
          pa = 0;
          m = NULL;
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
  retry:
          pde = PT_GET(pmap_pde(pmap, va));
          if (pde != 0) {
                  if (pde & PG_PS) {
                          if ((pde & PG_RW) || (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0) {
                                  if (vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap, (pde & PG_PS_FRAME) |
                                         (va & PDRMASK), &pa))
                                          goto retry;
                                  m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE((pde & PG_PS_FRAME) |
                                      (va & PDRMASK));
                                  vm_page_hold(m);
                          }
                  } else {
                          sched_pin();
                          pte = PT_GET(pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va));
                          if (*PMAP1)
                                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
                          if ((pte & PG_V) &&
                              ((pte & PG_RW) || (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0)) {
                                  if (vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap, pte & PG_FRAME, &pa))
                                          goto retry;
                                  m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pte & PG_FRAME);
                                  vm_page_hold(m);
                          }
                          sched_unpin();
                  }
          }
          PA_UNLOCK_COND(pa);
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          return (m);
  }
  
  /***************************************************
   * Low level mapping routines.....
   ***************************************************/
  
  /*
   * Add a wired page to the kva.
   * Note: not SMP coherent.
   */
  void 
  pmap_kenter(vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa)
  {
          PT_SET_MA(va, xpmap_ptom(pa)| PG_RW | PG_V | pgeflag);
  }
  
  void 
  pmap_kenter_ma(vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t ma)
  {
          pt_entry_t *pte;
  
          pte = vtopte(va);
          pte_store_ma(pte, ma | PG_RW | PG_V | pgeflag);
  }
  
  
  static __inline void 
  pmap_kenter_attr(vm_offset_t va, vm_paddr_t pa, int mode)
  {
          PT_SET_MA(va, pa | PG_RW | PG_V | pgeflag | pmap_cache_bits(mode, 0));
  }
  
  /*
   * Remove a page from the kernel pagetables.
   * Note: not SMP coherent.
   */
  PMAP_INLINE void
  pmap_kremove(vm_offset_t va)
  {
          pt_entry_t *pte;
  
          pte = vtopte(va);
          PT_CLEAR_VA(pte, FALSE);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Used to map a range of physical addresses into kernel
   *      virtual address space.
   *
   *      The value passed in '*virt' is a suggested virtual address for
   *      the mapping. Architectures which can support a direct-mapped
   *      physical to virtual region can return the appropriate address
   *      within that region, leaving '*virt' unchanged. Other
   *      architectures should map the pages starting at '*virt' and
   *      update '*virt' with the first usable address after the mapped
   *      region.
   */
  vm_offset_t
  pmap_map(vm_offset_t *virt, vm_paddr_t start, vm_paddr_t end, int prot)
  {
          vm_offset_t va, sva;
  
          va = sva = *virt;
          CTR4(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_map: va=0x%x start=0x%jx end=0x%jx prot=0x%x",
              va, start, end, prot);
          while (start < end) {
                  pmap_kenter(va, start);
                  va += PAGE_SIZE;
                  start += PAGE_SIZE;
          }
          pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, sva, va);
          *virt = va;
          return (sva);
  }
  
  
  /*
   * Add a list of wired pages to the kva
   * this routine is only used for temporary
   * kernel mappings that do not need to have
   * page modification or references recorded.
   * Note that old mappings are simply written
   * over.  The page *must* be wired.
   * Note: SMP coherent.  Uses a ranged shootdown IPI.
   */
  void
  pmap_qenter(vm_offset_t sva, vm_page_t *ma, int count)
  {
          pt_entry_t *endpte, *pte;
          vm_paddr_t pa;
          vm_offset_t va = sva;
          int mclcount = 0;
          multicall_entry_t mcl[16];
          multicall_entry_t *mclp = mcl;
          int error;
  
          CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_qenter:sva=0x%x count=%d", va, count);
          pte = vtopte(sva);
          endpte = pte + count;
          while (pte < endpte) {
                  pa = VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(*ma) | pgeflag | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_M | PG_A;
  
                  mclp->op = __HYPERVISOR_update_va_mapping;
                  mclp->args[0] = va;
                  mclp->args[1] = (uint32_t)(pa & 0xffffffff);
                  mclp->args[2] = (uint32_t)(pa >> 32);
                  mclp->args[3] = (*pte & PG_V) ? UVMF_INVLPG|UVMF_ALL : 0;
          
                  va += PAGE_SIZE;
                  pte++;
                  ma++;
                  mclp++;
                  mclcount++;
                  if (mclcount == 16) {
                          error = HYPERVISOR_multicall(mcl, mclcount);
                          mclp = mcl;
                          mclcount = 0;
                          KASSERT(error == 0, ("bad multicall %d", error));
                  }               
          }
          if (mclcount) {
                  error = HYPERVISOR_multicall(mcl, mclcount);
                  KASSERT(error == 0, ("bad multicall %d", error));
          }
          
  #ifdef INVARIANTS
          for (pte = vtopte(sva), mclcount = 0; mclcount < count; mclcount++, pte++)
                  KASSERT(*pte, ("pte not set for va=0x%x", sva + mclcount*PAGE_SIZE));
  #endif  
  }
  
  
  /*
   * This routine tears out page mappings from the
   * kernel -- it is meant only for temporary mappings.
   * Note: SMP coherent.  Uses a ranged shootdown IPI.
   */
  void
  pmap_qremove(vm_offset_t sva, int count)
  {
          vm_offset_t va;
  
          CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_qremove: sva=0x%x count=%d", sva, count);
          va = sva;
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          critical_enter();
          while (count-- > 0) {
                  pmap_kremove(va);
                  va += PAGE_SIZE;
          }
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, sva, va);
          critical_exit();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
  }
  
  /***************************************************
   * Page table page management routines.....
   ***************************************************/
  static __inline void
  pmap_free_zero_pages(vm_page_t free)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          while (free != NULL) {
                  m = free;
                  free = m->right;
                  vm_page_free_zero(m);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   * This routine unholds page table pages, and if the hold count
   * drops to zero, then it decrements the wire count.
   */
  static __inline int
  pmap_unwire_pte_hold(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, vm_page_t *free)
  {
  
          --m->wire_count;
          if (m->wire_count == 0)
                  return _pmap_unwire_pte_hold(pmap, m, free);
          else
                  return 0;
  }
  
  static int 
  _pmap_unwire_pte_hold(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, vm_page_t *free)
  {
          vm_offset_t pteva;
  
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          /*
           * unmap the page table page
           */
          xen_pt_unpin(pmap->pm_pdir[m->pindex]);
          /*
           * page *might* contain residual mapping :-/  
           */
          PD_CLEAR_VA(pmap, m->pindex, TRUE);
          pmap_zero_page(m);
          --pmap->pm_stats.resident_count;
  
          /*
           * This is a release store so that the ordinary store unmapping
           * the page table page is globally performed before TLB shoot-
           * down is begun.
           */
          atomic_subtract_rel_int(&cnt.v_wire_count, 1);
  
          /*
           * Do an invltlb to make the invalidated mapping
           * take effect immediately.
           */
          pteva = VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS + i386_ptob(m->pindex);
          pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pteva);
  
          /* 
           * Put page on a list so that it is released after
           * *ALL* TLB shootdown is done
           */
          m->right = *free;
          *free = m;
  
          return 1;
  }
  
  /*
   * After removing a page table entry, this routine is used to
   * conditionally free the page, and manage the hold/wire counts.
   */
  static int
  pmap_unuse_pt(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t *free)
  {
          pd_entry_t ptepde;
          vm_page_t mpte;
  
          if (va >= VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS)
                  return 0;
          ptepde = PT_GET(pmap_pde(pmap, va));
          mpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(ptepde & PG_FRAME);
          return pmap_unwire_pte_hold(pmap, mpte, free);
  }
  
  void
  pmap_pinit0(pmap_t pmap)
  {
  
          PMAP_LOCK_INIT(pmap);
          pmap->pm_pdir = (pd_entry_t *)(KERNBASE + (vm_offset_t)IdlePTD);
  #ifdef PAE
          pmap->pm_pdpt = (pdpt_entry_t *)(KERNBASE + (vm_offset_t)IdlePDPT);
  #endif
          CPU_ZERO(&pmap->pm_active);
          PCPU_SET(curpmap, pmap);
          TAILQ_INIT(&pmap->pm_pvchunk);
          bzero(&pmap->pm_stats, sizeof pmap->pm_stats);
          mtx_lock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
          LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&allpmaps, pmap, pm_list);
          mtx_unlock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
  }
  
  /*
   * Initialize a preallocated and zeroed pmap structure,
   * such as one in a vmspace structure.
   */
  int
  pmap_pinit(pmap_t pmap)
  {
          vm_page_t m, ptdpg[NPGPTD + 1];
          int npgptd = NPGPTD + 1;
          static int color;
          int i;
  
  #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
          mtx_lock(&createdelete_lock);
  #endif
  
          PMAP_LOCK_INIT(pmap);
  
          /*
           * No need to allocate page table space yet but we do need a valid
           * page directory table.
           */
          if (pmap->pm_pdir == NULL) {
                  pmap->pm_pdir = (pd_entry_t *)kmem_alloc_nofault(kernel_map,
                      NBPTD);
                  if (pmap->pm_pdir == NULL) {
                          PMAP_LOCK_DESTROY(pmap);
  #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
                          mtx_unlock(&createdelete_lock);
  #endif
                          return (0);
                  }
  #ifdef PAE
                  pmap->pm_pdpt = (pd_entry_t *)kmem_alloc_nofault(kernel_map, 1);
  #endif
          }
  
          /*
           * allocate the page directory page(s)
           */
          for (i = 0; i < npgptd;) {
                  m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, color++,
                      VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_WIRED |
                      VM_ALLOC_ZERO);
                  if (m == NULL)
                          VM_WAIT;
                  else {
                          ptdpg[i++] = m;
                  }
          }
          pmap_qenter((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdir, ptdpg, NPGPTD);
          for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD; i++) {
                  if ((ptdpg[i]->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                          pagezero(&pmap->pm_pdir[i*NPTEPG]);
          }
  
          mtx_lock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
          LIST_INSERT_HEAD(&allpmaps, pmap, pm_list);
          mtx_unlock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
          /* Wire in kernel global address entries. */
  
          bcopy(PTD + KPTDI, pmap->pm_pdir + KPTDI, nkpt * sizeof(pd_entry_t));
  #ifdef PAE
          pmap_qenter((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdpt, &ptdpg[NPGPTD], 1);
          if ((ptdpg[NPGPTD]->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                  bzero(pmap->pm_pdpt, PAGE_SIZE);
          for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD; i++) {
                  vm_paddr_t ma;
                  
                  ma = VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(ptdpg[i]);
                  pmap->pm_pdpt[i] = ma | PG_V;
  
          }
  #endif  
          for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD; i++) {
                  pt_entry_t *pd;
                  vm_paddr_t ma;
                  
                  ma = VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(ptdpg[i]);
                  pd = pmap->pm_pdir + (i * NPDEPG);
                  PT_SET_MA(pd, *vtopte((vm_offset_t)pd) & ~(PG_M|PG_A|PG_U|PG_RW));
  #if 0           
                  xen_pgd_pin(ma);
  #endif          
          }
          
  #ifdef PAE      
          PT_SET_MA(pmap->pm_pdpt, *vtopte((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdpt) & ~PG_RW);
  #endif
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          xen_flush_queue();
          xen_pgdpt_pin(VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(ptdpg[NPGPTD]));
          for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD; i++) {
                  vm_paddr_t ma = VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(ptdpg[i]);
                  PT_SET_VA_MA(&pmap->pm_pdir[PTDPTDI + i], ma | PG_V | PG_A, FALSE);
          }
          xen_flush_queue();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          CPU_ZERO(&pmap->pm_active);
          TAILQ_INIT(&pmap->pm_pvchunk);
          bzero(&pmap->pm_stats, sizeof pmap->pm_stats);
  
  #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
          mtx_unlock(&createdelete_lock);
  #endif
          return (1);
  }
  
  /*
   * this routine is called if the page table page is not
   * mapped correctly.
   */
  static vm_page_t
  _pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, unsigned int ptepindex, int flags)
  {
          vm_paddr_t ptema;
          vm_page_t m;
  
          KASSERT((flags & (M_NOWAIT | M_WAITOK)) == M_NOWAIT ||
              (flags & (M_NOWAIT | M_WAITOK)) == M_WAITOK,
              ("_pmap_allocpte: flags is neither M_NOWAIT nor M_WAITOK"));
  
          /*
           * Allocate a page table page.
           */
          if ((m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, ptepindex, VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ |
              VM_ALLOC_WIRED | VM_ALLOC_ZERO)) == NULL) {
                  if (flags & M_WAITOK) {
                          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                          vm_page_unlock_queues();
                          VM_WAIT;
                          vm_page_lock_queues();
                          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  }
  
                  /*
                   * Indicate the need to retry.  While waiting, the page table
                   * page may have been allocated.
                   */
                  return (NULL);
          }
          if ((m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page(m);
  
          /*
           * Map the pagetable page into the process address space, if
           * it isn't already there.
           */
          pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;
  
          ptema = VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m);
          xen_pt_pin(ptema);
          PT_SET_VA_MA(&pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex],
                  (ptema | PG_U | PG_RW | PG_V | PG_A | PG_M), TRUE);
          
          KASSERT(pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex],
              ("_pmap_allocpte: ptepindex=%d did not get mapped", ptepindex));
          return (m);
  }
  
  static vm_page_t
  pmap_allocpte(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, int flags)
  {
          unsigned ptepindex;
          pd_entry_t ptema;
          vm_page_t m;
  
          KASSERT((flags & (M_NOWAIT | M_WAITOK)) == M_NOWAIT ||
              (flags & (M_NOWAIT | M_WAITOK)) == M_WAITOK,
              ("pmap_allocpte: flags is neither M_NOWAIT nor M_WAITOK"));
  
          /*
           * Calculate pagetable page index
           */
          ptepindex = va >> PDRSHIFT;
  retry:
          /*
           * Get the page directory entry
           */
          ptema = pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex];
  
          /*
           * This supports switching from a 4MB page to a
           * normal 4K page.
           */
          if (ptema & PG_PS) {
                  /*
                   * XXX 
                   */
                  pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex] = 0;
                  ptema = 0;
                  pmap->pm_stats.resident_count -= NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;
                  pmap_invalidate_all(kernel_pmap);
          }
  
          /*
           * If the page table page is mapped, we just increment the
           * hold count, and activate it.
           */
          if (ptema & PG_V) {
                  m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(xpmap_mtop(ptema) & PG_FRAME);
                  m->wire_count++;
          } else {
                  /*
                   * Here if the pte page isn't mapped, or if it has
                   * been deallocated. 
                   */
                  CTR3(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_allocpte: pmap=%p va=0x%08x flags=0x%x",
                      pmap, va, flags);
                  m = _pmap_allocpte(pmap, ptepindex, flags);
                  if (m == NULL && (flags & M_WAITOK))
                          goto retry;
  
                  KASSERT(pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex], ("ptepindex=%d did not get mapped", ptepindex));
          }
          return (m);
  }
  
  
  /***************************************************
  * Pmap allocation/deallocation routines.
   ***************************************************/
  
  #ifdef SMP
  /*
   * Deal with a SMP shootdown of other users of the pmap that we are
   * trying to dispose of.  This can be a bit hairy.
   */
  static cpuset_t *lazymask;
  static u_int lazyptd;
  static volatile u_int lazywait;
  
  void pmap_lazyfix_action(void);
  
  void
  pmap_lazyfix_action(void)
  {
  
  #ifdef COUNT_IPIS
          (*ipi_lazypmap_counts[PCPU_GET(cpuid)])++;
  #endif
          if (rcr3() == lazyptd)
                  load_cr3(PCPU_GET(curpcb)->pcb_cr3);
          CPU_CLR_ATOMIC(PCPU_GET(cpuid), lazymask);
          atomic_store_rel_int(&lazywait, 1);
  }
  
  static void
  pmap_lazyfix_self(u_int cpuid)
  {
  
          if (rcr3() == lazyptd)
                  load_cr3(PCPU_GET(curpcb)->pcb_cr3);
          CPU_CLR_ATOMIC(cpuid, lazymask);
  }
  
  
  static void
  pmap_lazyfix(pmap_t pmap)
  {
          cpuset_t mymask, mask;
          u_int cpuid, spins;
          int lsb;
  
          mask = pmap->pm_active;
          while (!CPU_EMPTY(&mask)) {
                  spins = 50000000;
  
                  /* Find least significant set bit. */
                  lsb = cpusetobj_ffs(&mask);
                  MPASS(lsb != 0);
                  lsb--;
                  CPU_SETOF(lsb, &mask);
                  mtx_lock_spin(&smp_ipi_mtx);
  #ifdef PAE
                  lazyptd = vtophys(pmap->pm_pdpt);
  #else
                  lazyptd = vtophys(pmap->pm_pdir);
  #endif
                  cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
  
                  /* Use a cpuset just for having an easy check. */
                  CPU_SETOF(cpuid, &mymask);
                  if (!CPU_CMP(&mask, &mymask)) {
                          lazymask = &pmap->pm_active;
                          pmap_lazyfix_self(cpuid);
                  } else {
                          atomic_store_rel_int((u_int *)&lazymask,
                              (u_int)&pmap->pm_active);
                          atomic_store_rel_int(&lazywait, 0);
                          ipi_selected(mask, IPI_LAZYPMAP);
                          while (lazywait == 0) {
                                  ia32_pause();
                                  if (--spins == 0)
                                          break;
                          }
                  }
                  mtx_unlock_spin(&smp_ipi_mtx);
                  if (spins == 0)
                          printf("pmap_lazyfix: spun for 50000000\n");
                  mask = pmap->pm_active;
          }
  }
  
  #else   /* SMP */
  
  /*
   * Cleaning up on uniprocessor is easy.  For various reasons, we're
   * unlikely to have to even execute this code, including the fact
   * that the cleanup is deferred until the parent does a wait(2), which
   * means that another userland process has run.
   */
  static void
  pmap_lazyfix(pmap_t pmap)
  {
          u_int cr3;
  
          cr3 = vtophys(pmap->pm_pdir);
          if (cr3 == rcr3()) {
                  load_cr3(PCPU_GET(curpcb)->pcb_cr3);
                  CPU_CLR(PCPU_GET(cpuid), &pmap->pm_active);
          }
  }
  #endif  /* SMP */
  
  /*
   * Release any resources held by the given physical map.
   * Called when a pmap initialized by pmap_pinit is being released.
   * Should only be called if the map contains no valid mappings.
   */
  void
  pmap_release(pmap_t pmap)
  {
          vm_page_t m, ptdpg[2*NPGPTD+1];
          vm_paddr_t ma;
          int i;
  #ifdef PAE      
          int npgptd = NPGPTD + 1;
  #else
          int npgptd = NPGPTD;
  #endif
          KASSERT(pmap->pm_stats.resident_count == 0,
              ("pmap_release: pmap resident count %ld != 0",
              pmap->pm_stats.resident_count));
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
  
  #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
          mtx_lock(&createdelete_lock);
  #endif
  
          pmap_lazyfix(pmap);
          mtx_lock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
          LIST_REMOVE(pmap, pm_list);
          mtx_unlock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
  
          for (i = 0; i < NPGPTD; i++)
                  ptdpg[i] = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(vtophys(pmap->pm_pdir + (i*NPDEPG)) & PG_FRAME);
          pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdir, NPGPTD);
  #ifdef PAE
          ptdpg[NPGPTD] = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(vtophys(pmap->pm_pdpt));
  #endif  
  
          for (i = 0; i < npgptd; i++) {
                  m = ptdpg[i];
                  ma = VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m);
                  /* unpinning L1 and L2 treated the same */
  #if 0
                  xen_pgd_unpin(ma);
  #else
                  if (i == NPGPTD)
                          xen_pgd_unpin(ma);
  #endif
  #ifdef PAE
                  if (i < NPGPTD)
                          KASSERT(VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m) == (pmap->pm_pdpt[i] & PG_FRAME),
                              ("pmap_release: got wrong ptd page"));
  #endif
                  m->wire_count--;
                  atomic_subtract_int(&cnt.v_wire_count, 1);
                  vm_page_free(m);
          }
  #ifdef PAE
          pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t)pmap->pm_pdpt, 1);
  #endif
          PMAP_LOCK_DESTROY(pmap);
  
  #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
          mtx_unlock(&createdelete_lock);
  #endif
  }
  
  static int
  kvm_size(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
  {
          unsigned long ksize = VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS - KERNBASE;
  
          return sysctl_handle_long(oidp, &ksize, 0, req);
  }
  SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, kvm_size, CTLTYPE_LONG|CTLFLAG_RD, 
      0, 0, kvm_size, "IU", "Size of KVM");
  
  static int
  kvm_free(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
  {
          unsigned long kfree = VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS - kernel_vm_end;
  
          return sysctl_handle_long(oidp, &kfree, 0, req);
  }
  SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, kvm_free, CTLTYPE_LONG|CTLFLAG_RD, 
      0, 0, kvm_free, "IU", "Amount of KVM free");
  
  /*
   * grow the number of kernel page table entries, if needed
   */
  void
  pmap_growkernel(vm_offset_t addr)
  {
          struct pmap *pmap;
          vm_paddr_t ptppaddr;
          vm_page_t nkpg;
          pd_entry_t newpdir;
  
          mtx_assert(&kernel_map->system_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          if (kernel_vm_end == 0) {
                  kernel_vm_end = KERNBASE;
                  nkpt = 0;
                  while (pdir_pde(PTD, kernel_vm_end)) {
                          kernel_vm_end = (kernel_vm_end + PAGE_SIZE * NPTEPG) & ~(PAGE_SIZE * NPTEPG - 1);
                          nkpt++;
                          if (kernel_vm_end - 1 >= kernel_map->max_offset) {
                                  kernel_vm_end = kernel_map->max_offset;
                                  break;
                          }
                  }
          }
          addr = roundup2(addr, PAGE_SIZE * NPTEPG);
          if (addr - 1 >= kernel_map->max_offset)
                  addr = kernel_map->max_offset;
          while (kernel_vm_end < addr) {
                  if (pdir_pde(PTD, kernel_vm_end)) {
                          kernel_vm_end = (kernel_vm_end + PAGE_SIZE * NPTEPG) & ~(PAGE_SIZE * NPTEPG - 1);
                          if (kernel_vm_end - 1 >= kernel_map->max_offset) {
                                  kernel_vm_end = kernel_map->max_offset;
                                  break;
                          }
                          continue;
                  }
  
                  /*
                   * This index is bogus, but out of the way
                   */
                  nkpg = vm_page_alloc(NULL, nkpt,
                      VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM | VM_ALLOC_WIRED);
                  if (!nkpg)
                          panic("pmap_growkernel: no memory to grow kernel");
  
                  nkpt++;
  
                  pmap_zero_page(nkpg);
                  ptppaddr = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(nkpg);
                  newpdir = (pd_entry_t) (ptppaddr | PG_V | PG_RW | PG_A | PG_M);
                  vm_page_lock_queues();
                  PD_SET_VA(kernel_pmap, (kernel_vm_end >> PDRSHIFT), newpdir, TRUE);
                  mtx_lock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
                  LIST_FOREACH(pmap, &allpmaps, pm_list)
                          PD_SET_VA(pmap, (kernel_vm_end >> PDRSHIFT), newpdir, TRUE);
  
                  mtx_unlock_spin(&allpmaps_lock);
                  vm_page_unlock_queues();
  
                  kernel_vm_end = (kernel_vm_end + PAGE_SIZE * NPTEPG) & ~(PAGE_SIZE * NPTEPG - 1);
                  if (kernel_vm_end - 1 >= kernel_map->max_offset) {
                          kernel_vm_end = kernel_map->max_offset;
                          break;
                  }
          }
  }
  
  
  /***************************************************
   * page management routines.
   ***************************************************/
  
  CTASSERT(sizeof(struct pv_chunk) == PAGE_SIZE);
  CTASSERT(_NPCM == 11);
  
  static __inline struct pv_chunk *
  pv_to_chunk(pv_entry_t pv)
  {
  
          return (struct pv_chunk *)((uintptr_t)pv & ~(uintptr_t)PAGE_MASK);
  }
  
  #define PV_PMAP(pv) (pv_to_chunk(pv)->pc_pmap)
  
  #define PC_FREE0_9      0xfffffffful    /* Free values for index 0 through 9 */
  #define PC_FREE10       0x0000fffful    /* Free values for index 10 */
  
  static uint32_t pc_freemask[11] = {
          PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9,
          PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9,
          PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE0_9,
          PC_FREE0_9, PC_FREE10
  };
  
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_count, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_count, 0,
          "Current number of pv entries");
  
  #ifdef PV_STATS
  static int pc_chunk_count, pc_chunk_allocs, pc_chunk_frees, pc_chunk_tryfail;
  
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_count, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_count, 0,
          "Current number of pv entry chunks");
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_allocs, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_allocs, 0,
          "Current number of pv entry chunks allocated");
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_frees, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_frees, 0,
          "Current number of pv entry chunks frees");
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pc_chunk_tryfail, CTLFLAG_RD, &pc_chunk_tryfail, 0,
          "Number of times tried to get a chunk page but failed.");
  
  static long pv_entry_frees, pv_entry_allocs;
  static int pv_entry_spare;
  
  SYSCTL_LONG(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_frees, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_frees, 0,
          "Current number of pv entry frees");
  SYSCTL_LONG(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_allocs, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_allocs, 0,
          "Current number of pv entry allocs");
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pv_entry_spare, CTLFLAG_RD, &pv_entry_spare, 0,
          "Current number of spare pv entries");
  
  static int pmap_collect_inactive, pmap_collect_active;
  
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pmap_collect_inactive, CTLFLAG_RD, &pmap_collect_inactive, 0,
          "Current number times pmap_collect called on inactive queue");
  SYSCTL_INT(_vm_pmap, OID_AUTO, pmap_collect_active, CTLFLAG_RD, &pmap_collect_active, 0,
          "Current number times pmap_collect called on active queue");
  #endif
  
  /*
   * We are in a serious low memory condition.  Resort to
   * drastic measures to free some pages so we can allocate
   * another pv entry chunk.  This is normally called to
   * unmap inactive pages, and if necessary, active pages.
   */
  static void
  pmap_collect(pmap_t locked_pmap, struct vpgqueues *vpq)
  {
          pmap_t pmap;
          pt_entry_t *pte, tpte;
          pv_entry_t next_pv, pv;
          vm_offset_t va;
          vm_page_t m, free;
  
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(m, &vpq->pl, pageq) {
                  if ((m->flags & PG_MARKER) != 0 || m->hold_count || m->busy)
                          continue;
                  TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list, next_pv) {
                          va = pv->pv_va;
                          pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                          /* Avoid deadlock and lock recursion. */
                          if (pmap > locked_pmap)
                                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                          else if (pmap != locked_pmap && !PMAP_TRYLOCK(pmap))
                                  continue;
                          pmap->pm_stats.resident_count--;
                          pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va);
                          tpte = pte_load_clear(pte);
                          KASSERT((tpte & PG_W) == 0,
                              ("pmap_collect: wired pte %#jx", (uintmax_t)tpte));
                          if (tpte & PG_A)
                                  vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                          if ((tpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                                  vm_page_dirty(m);
                          free = NULL;
                          pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, va, &free);
                          pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
                          pmap_free_zero_pages(free);
                          TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                          free_pv_entry(pmap, pv);
                          if (pmap != locked_pmap)
                                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                  }
                  if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list))
                          vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
          }
          sched_unpin();
  }
  
  
  /*
   * free the pv_entry back to the free list
   */
  static void
  free_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, pv_entry_t pv)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
          struct pv_chunk *pc;
          int idx, field, bit;
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
          PV_STAT(pv_entry_frees++);
          PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare++);
          pv_entry_count--;
          pc = pv_to_chunk(pv);
          idx = pv - &pc->pc_pventry[0];
          field = idx / 32;
          bit = idx % 32;
          pc->pc_map[field] |= 1ul << bit;
          /* move to head of list */
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
          TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
          for (idx = 0; idx < _NPCM; idx++)
                  if (pc->pc_map[idx] != pc_freemask[idx])
                          return;
          PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare -= _NPCPV);
          PV_STAT(pc_chunk_count--);
          PV_STAT(pc_chunk_frees++);
          /* entire chunk is free, return it */
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
          m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pmap_kextract((vm_offset_t)pc));
          pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t)pc, 1);
          vm_page_unwire(m, 0);
          vm_page_free(m);
          pmap_ptelist_free(&pv_vafree, (vm_offset_t)pc);
  }
  
  /*
   * get a new pv_entry, allocating a block from the system
   * when needed.
   */
  static pv_entry_t
  get_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, int try)
  {
          static const struct timeval printinterval = { 60, 0 };
          static struct timeval lastprint;
          static vm_pindex_t colour;
          struct vpgqueues *pq;
          int bit, field;
          pv_entry_t pv;
          struct pv_chunk *pc;
          vm_page_t m;
  
          PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          PV_STAT(pv_entry_allocs++);
          pv_entry_count++;
          if (pv_entry_count > pv_entry_high_water)
                  if (ratecheck(&lastprint, &printinterval))
                          printf("Approaching the limit on PV entries, consider "
                              "increasing either the vm.pmap.shpgperproc or the "
                              "vm.pmap.pv_entry_max tunable.\n");
          pq = NULL;
  retry:
          pc = TAILQ_FIRST(&pmap->pm_pvchunk);
          if (pc != NULL) {
                  for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++) {
                          if (pc->pc_map[field]) {
                                  bit = bsfl(pc->pc_map[field]);
                                  break;
                          }
                  }
                  if (field < _NPCM) {
                          pv = &pc->pc_pventry[field * 32 + bit];
                          pc->pc_map[field] &= ~(1ul << bit);
                          /* If this was the last item, move it to tail */
                          for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++)
                                  if (pc->pc_map[field] != 0) {
                                          PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare--);
                                          return (pv);    /* not full, return */
                                  }
                          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                          TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                          PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare--);
                          return (pv);
                  }
          }
          /*
           * Access to the ptelist "pv_vafree" is synchronized by the page
           * queues lock.  If "pv_vafree" is currently non-empty, it will
           * remain non-empty until pmap_ptelist_alloc() completes.
           */
          if (pv_vafree == 0 || (m = vm_page_alloc(NULL, colour, (pq ==
              &vm_page_queues[PQ_ACTIVE] ? VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM : VM_ALLOC_NORMAL) |
              VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_WIRED)) == NULL) {
                  if (try) {
                          pv_entry_count--;
                          PV_STAT(pc_chunk_tryfail++);
                          return (NULL);
                  }
                  /*
                   * Reclaim pv entries: At first, destroy mappings to
                   * inactive pages.  After that, if a pv chunk entry
                   * is still needed, destroy mappings to active pages.
                   */
                  if (pq == NULL) {
                          PV_STAT(pmap_collect_inactive++);
                          pq = &vm_page_queues[PQ_INACTIVE];
                  } else if (pq == &vm_page_queues[PQ_INACTIVE]) {
                          PV_STAT(pmap_collect_active++);
                          pq = &vm_page_queues[PQ_ACTIVE];
                  } else
                          panic("get_pv_entry: increase vm.pmap.shpgperproc");
                  pmap_collect(pmap, pq);
                  goto retry;
          }
          PV_STAT(pc_chunk_count++);
          PV_STAT(pc_chunk_allocs++);
          colour++;
          pc = (struct pv_chunk *)pmap_ptelist_alloc(&pv_vafree);
          pmap_qenter((vm_offset_t)pc, &m, 1);
          if ((m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                  pagezero(pc);
          pc->pc_pmap = pmap;
          pc->pc_map[0] = pc_freemask[0] & ~1ul;  /* preallocated bit 0 */
          for (field = 1; field < _NPCM; field++)
                  pc->pc_map[field] = pc_freemask[field];
          pv = &pc->pc_pventry[0];
          TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
          PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare += _NPCPV - 1);
          return (pv);
  }
  
  static __inline pv_entry_t
  pmap_pvh_remove(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &pvh->pv_list, pv_list) {
                  if (pmap == PV_PMAP(pv) && va == pv->pv_va) {
                          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pvh->pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                          break;
                  }
          }
          return (pv);
  }
  
  static void
  pmap_pvh_free(struct md_page *pvh, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
  
          pv = pmap_pvh_remove(pvh, pmap, va);
          KASSERT(pv != NULL, ("pmap_pvh_free: pv not found"));
          free_pv_entry(pmap, pv);
  }
  
  static void
  pmap_remove_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m, vm_offset_t va)
  {
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          pmap_pvh_free(&m->md, pmap, va);
          if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list))
                  vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
  }
  
  /*
   * Conditionally create a pv entry.
   */
  static boolean_t
  pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
  
          PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          if (pv_entry_count < pv_entry_high_water && 
              (pv = get_pv_entry(pmap, TRUE)) != NULL) {
                  pv->pv_va = va;
                  TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                  return (TRUE);
          } else
                  return (FALSE);
  }
  
  /*
   * pmap_remove_pte: do the things to unmap a page in a process
   */
  static int
  pmap_remove_pte(pmap_t pmap, pt_entry_t *ptq, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t *free)
  {
          pt_entry_t oldpte;
          vm_page_t m;
  
          CTR3(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_remove_pte: pmap=%p *ptq=0x%x va=0x%x",
              pmap, (u_long)*ptq, va);
          
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
          oldpte = *ptq;
          PT_SET_VA_MA(ptq, 0, TRUE);
          if (oldpte & PG_W)
                  pmap->pm_stats.wired_count -= 1;
          /*
           * Machines that don't support invlpg, also don't support
           * PG_G.
           */
          if (oldpte & PG_G)
                  pmap_invalidate_page(kernel_pmap, va);
          pmap->pm_stats.resident_count -= 1;
          if (oldpte & PG_MANAGED) {
                  m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(xpmap_mtop(oldpte) & PG_FRAME);
                  if ((oldpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                          vm_page_dirty(m);
                  if (oldpte & PG_A)
                          vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                  pmap_remove_entry(pmap, m, va);
          }
          return (pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, va, free));
  }
  
  /*
   * Remove a single page from a process address space
   */
  static void
  pmap_remove_page(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t *free)
  {
          pt_entry_t *pte;
  
          CTR2(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_remove_page: pmap=%p va=0x%x",
              pmap, va);
          
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT(curthread->td_pinned > 0, ("curthread not pinned"));
          PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
          if ((pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va)) == NULL || (*pte & PG_V) == 0)
                  return;
          pmap_remove_pte(pmap, pte, va, free);
          pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
  
  }
  
  /*
   *      Remove the given range of addresses from the specified map.
   *
   *      It is assumed that the start and end are properly
   *      rounded to the page size.
   */
  void
  pmap_remove(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva)
  {
          vm_offset_t pdnxt;
          pd_entry_t ptpaddr;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          vm_page_t free = NULL;
          int anyvalid;
          
          CTR3(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_remove: pmap=%p sva=0x%x eva=0x%x",
              pmap, sva, eva);
          
          /*
           * Perform an unsynchronized read.  This is, however, safe.
           */
          if (pmap->pm_stats.resident_count == 0)
                  return;
  
          anyvalid = 0;
  
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
  
          /*
           * special handling of removing one page.  a very
           * common operation and easy to short circuit some
           * code.
           */
          if ((sva + PAGE_SIZE == eva) && 
              ((pmap->pm_pdir[(sva >> PDRSHIFT)] & PG_PS) == 0)) {
                  pmap_remove_page(pmap, sva, &free);
                  goto out;
          }
  
          for (; sva < eva; sva = pdnxt) {
                  unsigned pdirindex;
  
                  /*
                   * Calculate index for next page table.
                   */
                  pdnxt = (sva + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                  if (pmap->pm_stats.resident_count == 0)
                          break;
  
                  pdirindex = sva >> PDRSHIFT;
                  ptpaddr = pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex];
  
                  /*
                   * Weed out invalid mappings. Note: we assume that the page
                   * directory table is always allocated, and in kernel virtual.
                   */
                  if (ptpaddr == 0)
                          continue;
  
                  /*
                   * Check for large page.
                   */
                  if ((ptpaddr & PG_PS) != 0) {
                          PD_CLEAR_VA(pmap, pdirindex, TRUE);
                          pmap->pm_stats.resident_count -= NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;
                          anyvalid = 1;
                          continue;
                  }
  
                  /*
                   * Limit our scan to either the end of the va represented
                   * by the current page table page, or to the end of the
                   * range being removed.
                   */
                  if (pdnxt > eva)
                          pdnxt = eva;
  
                  for (pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, sva); sva != pdnxt; pte++,
                      sva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                          if ((*pte & PG_V) == 0)
                                  continue;
  
                          /*
                           * The TLB entry for a PG_G mapping is invalidated
                           * by pmap_remove_pte().
                           */
                          if ((*pte & PG_G) == 0)
                                  anyvalid = 1;
                          if (pmap_remove_pte(pmap, pte, sva, &free))
                                  break;
                  }
          }
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_VA_MA(PMAP1, 0, TRUE);
  out:
          if (anyvalid)
                  pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          pmap_free_zero_pages(free);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Routine:        pmap_remove_all
   *      Function:
   *              Removes this physical page from
   *              all physical maps in which it resides.
   *              Reflects back modify bits to the pager.
   *
   *      Notes:
   *              Original versions of this routine were very
   *              inefficient because they iteratively called
   *              pmap_remove (slow...)
   */
  
  void
  pmap_remove_all(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pmap_t pmap;
          pt_entry_t *pte, tpte;
          vm_page_t free;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_remove_all: page %p is not managed", m));
          free = NULL;
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          while ((pv = TAILQ_FIRST(&m->md.pv_list)) != NULL) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  pmap->pm_stats.resident_count--;
                  pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
  
                  tpte = *pte;
                  PT_SET_VA_MA(pte, 0, TRUE);
                  if (tpte & PG_W)
                          pmap->pm_stats.wired_count--;
                  if (tpte & PG_A)
                          vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
  
                  /*
                   * Update the vm_page_t clean and reference bits.
                   */
                  if ((tpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                          vm_page_dirty(m);
                  pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, pv->pv_va, &free);
                  pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                  free_pv_entry(pmap, pv);
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          }
          vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          pmap_free_zero_pages(free);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Set the physical protection on the
   *      specified range of this map as requested.
   */
  void
  pmap_protect(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t sva, vm_offset_t eva, vm_prot_t prot)
  {
          vm_offset_t pdnxt;
          pd_entry_t ptpaddr;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          int anychanged;
  
          CTR4(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_protect: pmap=%p sva=0x%x eva=0x%x prot=0x%x",
              pmap, sva, eva, prot);
          
          if ((prot & VM_PROT_READ) == VM_PROT_NONE) {
                  pmap_remove(pmap, sva, eva);
                  return;
          }
  
  #ifdef PAE
          if ((prot & (VM_PROT_WRITE|VM_PROT_EXECUTE)) ==
              (VM_PROT_WRITE|VM_PROT_EXECUTE))
                  return;
  #else
          if (prot & VM_PROT_WRITE)
                  return;
  #endif
  
          anychanged = 0;
  
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          for (; sva < eva; sva = pdnxt) {
                  pt_entry_t obits, pbits;
                  unsigned pdirindex;
  
                  pdnxt = (sva + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
  
                  pdirindex = sva >> PDRSHIFT;
                  ptpaddr = pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex];
  
                  /*
                   * Weed out invalid mappings. Note: we assume that the page
                   * directory table is always allocated, and in kernel virtual.
                   */
                  if (ptpaddr == 0)
                          continue;
  
                  /*
                   * Check for large page.
                   */
                  if ((ptpaddr & PG_PS) != 0) {
                          if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0)
                                  pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex] &= ~(PG_M|PG_RW);
  #ifdef PAE
                          if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                                  pmap->pm_pdir[pdirindex] |= pg_nx;
  #endif
                          anychanged = 1;
                          continue;
                  }
  
                  if (pdnxt > eva)
                          pdnxt = eva;
  
                  for (pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, sva); sva != pdnxt; pte++,
                      sva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                          vm_page_t m;
  
  retry:
                          /*
                           * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits in
                           * size, PG_RW, PG_A, and PG_M are among the least
                           * significant 32 bits.
                           */
                          obits = pbits = *pte;
                          if ((pbits & PG_V) == 0)
                                  continue;
  
                          if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0) {
                                  if ((pbits & (PG_MANAGED | PG_M | PG_RW)) ==
                                      (PG_MANAGED | PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                                          m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(xpmap_mtop(pbits) &
                                              PG_FRAME);
                                          vm_page_dirty(m);
                                  }
                                  pbits &= ~(PG_RW | PG_M);
                          }
  #ifdef PAE
                          if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                                  pbits |= pg_nx;
  #endif
  
                          if (pbits != obits) {
                                  obits = *pte;
                                  PT_SET_VA_MA(pte, pbits, TRUE);
                                  if (*pte != pbits)
                                          goto retry;
                                  if (obits & PG_G)
                                          pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, sva);
                                  else
                                          anychanged = 1;
                          }
                  }
          }
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_VA_MA(PMAP1, 0, TRUE);
          if (anychanged)
                  pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Insert the given physical page (p) at
   *      the specified virtual address (v) in the
   *      target physical map with the protection requested.
   *
   *      If specified, the page will be wired down, meaning
   *      that the related pte can not be reclaimed.
   *
   *      NB:  This is the only routine which MAY NOT lazy-evaluate
   *      or lose information.  That is, this routine must actually
   *      insert this page into the given map NOW.
   */
  void
  pmap_enter(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_prot_t access, vm_page_t m,
      vm_prot_t prot, boolean_t wired)
  {
          pd_entry_t *pde;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          pt_entry_t newpte, origpte;
          pv_entry_t pv;
          vm_paddr_t opa, pa;
          vm_page_t mpte, om;
          boolean_t invlva;
  
          CTR6(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_enter: pmap=%08p va=0x%08x access=0x%x ma=0x%08x prot=0x%x wired=%d",
              pmap, va, access, VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m), prot, wired);
          va = trunc_page(va);
          KASSERT(va <= VM_MAX_KERNEL_ADDRESS, ("pmap_enter: toobig"));
          KASSERT(va < UPT_MIN_ADDRESS || va >= UPT_MAX_ADDRESS,
              ("pmap_enter: invalid to pmap_enter page table pages (va: 0x%x)",
              va));
          KASSERT((m->oflags & (VPO_UNMANAGED | VPO_BUSY)) != 0,
              ("pmap_enter: page %p is not busy", m));
  
          mpte = NULL;
  
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          sched_pin();
  
          /*
           * In the case that a page table page is not
           * resident, we are creating it here.
           */
          if (va < VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS) {
                  mpte = pmap_allocpte(pmap, va, M_WAITOK);
          }
  
          pde = pmap_pde(pmap, va);
          if ((*pde & PG_PS) != 0)
                  panic("pmap_enter: attempted pmap_enter on 4MB page");
          pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, va);
  
          /*
           * Page Directory table entry not valid, we need a new PT page
           */
          if (pte == NULL) {
                  panic("pmap_enter: invalid page directory pdir=%#jx, va=%#x",
                          (uintmax_t)pmap->pm_pdir[va >> PDRSHIFT], va);
          }
  
          pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
          om = NULL;
          opa = origpte = 0;
  
  #if 0
          KASSERT((*pte & PG_V) || (*pte == 0), ("address set but not valid pte=%p *pte=0x%016jx",
                  pte, *pte));
  #endif
          origpte = *pte;
          if (origpte)
                  origpte = xpmap_mtop(origpte);
          opa = origpte & PG_FRAME;
  
          /*
           * Mapping has not changed, must be protection or wiring change.
           */
          if (origpte && (opa == pa)) {
                  /*
                   * Wiring change, just update stats. We don't worry about
                   * wiring PT pages as they remain resident as long as there
                   * are valid mappings in them. Hence, if a user page is wired,
                   * the PT page will be also.
                   */
                  if (wired && ((origpte & PG_W) == 0))
                          pmap->pm_stats.wired_count++;
                  else if (!wired && (origpte & PG_W))
                          pmap->pm_stats.wired_count--;
  
                  /*
                   * Remove extra pte reference
                   */
                  if (mpte)
                          mpte->wire_count--;
  
                  if (origpte & PG_MANAGED) {
                          om = m;
                          pa |= PG_MANAGED;
                  }
                  goto validate;
          } 
  
          pv = NULL;
  
          /*
           * Mapping has changed, invalidate old range and fall through to
           * handle validating new mapping.
           */
          if (opa) {
                  if (origpte & PG_W)
                          pmap->pm_stats.wired_count--;
                  if (origpte & PG_MANAGED) {
                          om = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(opa);
                          pv = pmap_pvh_remove(&om->md, pmap, va);
                  } else if (va < VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS) 
                          printf("va=0x%x is unmanaged :-( \n", va);
                          
                  if (mpte != NULL) {
                          mpte->wire_count--;
                          KASSERT(mpte->wire_count > 0,
                              ("pmap_enter: missing reference to page table page,"
                               " va: 0x%x", va));
                  }
          } else
                  pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;
  
          /*
           * Enter on the PV list if part of our managed memory.
           */
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0) {
                  KASSERT(va < kmi.clean_sva || va >= kmi.clean_eva,
                      ("pmap_enter: managed mapping within the clean submap"));
                  if (pv == NULL)
                          pv = get_pv_entry(pmap, FALSE);
                  pv->pv_va = va;
                  TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                  pa |= PG_MANAGED;
          } else if (pv != NULL)
                  free_pv_entry(pmap, pv);
  
          /*
           * Increment counters
           */
          if (wired)
                  pmap->pm_stats.wired_count++;
  
  validate:
          /*
           * Now validate mapping with desired protection/wiring.
           */
          newpte = (pt_entry_t)(pa | PG_V);
          if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0) {
                  newpte |= PG_RW;
                  if ((newpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0)
                          vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
          }
  #ifdef PAE
          if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                  newpte |= pg_nx;
  #endif
          if (wired)
                  newpte |= PG_W;
          if (va < VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS)
                  newpte |= PG_U;
          if (pmap == kernel_pmap)
                  newpte |= pgeflag;
  
          critical_enter();
          /*
           * if the mapping or permission bits are different, we need
           * to update the pte.
           */
          if ((origpte & ~(PG_M|PG_A)) != newpte) {
                  if (origpte) {
                          invlva = FALSE;
                          origpte = *pte;
                          PT_SET_VA(pte, newpte | PG_A, FALSE);
                          if (origpte & PG_A) {
                                  if (origpte & PG_MANAGED)
                                          vm_page_aflag_set(om, PGA_REFERENCED);
                                  if (opa != VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m))
                                          invlva = TRUE;
  #ifdef PAE
                                  if ((origpte & PG_NX) == 0 &&
                                      (newpte & PG_NX) != 0)
                                          invlva = TRUE;
  #endif
                          }
                          if ((origpte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW)) {
                                  if ((origpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0)
                                          vm_page_dirty(om);
                                  if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) == 0)
                                          invlva = TRUE;
                          }
                          if ((origpte & PG_MANAGED) != 0 &&
                              TAILQ_EMPTY(&om->md.pv_list))
                                  vm_page_aflag_clear(om, PGA_WRITEABLE);
                          if (invlva)
                                  pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
                  } else{
                          PT_SET_VA(pte, newpte | PG_A, FALSE);
                  }
                  
          }
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          critical_exit();
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_VA_MA(PMAP1, 0, TRUE);
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
  }
  
  /*
   * Maps a sequence of resident pages belonging to the same object.
   * The sequence begins with the given page m_start.  This page is
   * mapped at the given virtual address start.  Each subsequent page is
   * mapped at a virtual address that is offset from start by the same
   * amount as the page is offset from m_start within the object.  The
   * last page in the sequence is the page with the largest offset from
   * m_start that can be mapped at a virtual address less than the given
   * virtual address end.  Not every virtual page between start and end
   * is mapped; only those for which a resident page exists with the
   * corresponding offset from m_start are mapped.
   */
  void
  pmap_enter_object(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t start, vm_offset_t end,
      vm_page_t m_start, vm_prot_t prot)
  {
          vm_page_t m, mpte;
          vm_pindex_t diff, psize;
          multicall_entry_t mcl[16];
          multicall_entry_t *mclp = mcl;
          int error, count = 0;
          
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m_start->object, MA_OWNED);
          psize = atop(end - start);
              
          mpte = NULL;
          m = m_start;
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          while (m != NULL && (diff = m->pindex - m_start->pindex) < psize) {
                  mpte = pmap_enter_quick_locked(&mclp, &count, pmap, start + ptoa(diff), m,
                      prot, mpte);
                  m = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
                  if (count == 16) {
                          error = HYPERVISOR_multicall(mcl, count);
                          KASSERT(error == 0, ("bad multicall %d", error));
                          mclp = mcl;
                          count = 0;
                  }
          }
          if (count) {
                  error = HYPERVISOR_multicall(mcl, count);
                  KASSERT(error == 0, ("bad multicall %d", error));
          }
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
  }
  
  /*
   * this code makes some *MAJOR* assumptions:
   * 1. Current pmap & pmap exists.
   * 2. Not wired.
   * 3. Read access.
   * 4. No page table pages.
   * but is *MUCH* faster than pmap_enter...
   */
  
  void
  pmap_enter_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m, vm_prot_t prot)
  {
          multicall_entry_t mcl, *mclp;
          int count = 0;
          mclp = &mcl;
          
          CTR4(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_enter_quick: pmap=%p va=0x%x m=%p prot=0x%x",
              pmap, va, m, prot);
          
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          (void)pmap_enter_quick_locked(&mclp, &count, pmap, va, m, prot, NULL);
          if (count)
                  HYPERVISOR_multicall(&mcl, count);
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
  }
  
  #ifdef notyet
  void
  pmap_enter_quick_range(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t *addrs, vm_page_t *pages, vm_prot_t *prots, int count)
  {
          int i, error, index = 0;
          multicall_entry_t mcl[16];
          multicall_entry_t *mclp = mcl;
                  
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          for (i = 0; i < count; i++, addrs++, pages++, prots++) {
                  if (!pmap_is_prefaultable_locked(pmap, *addrs))
                          continue;
  
                  (void) pmap_enter_quick_locked(&mclp, &index, pmap, *addrs, *pages, *prots, NULL);
                  if (index == 16) {
                          error = HYPERVISOR_multicall(mcl, index);
                          mclp = mcl;
                          index = 0;
                          KASSERT(error == 0, ("bad multicall %d", error));
                  }
          }
          if (index) {
                  error = HYPERVISOR_multicall(mcl, index);
                  KASSERT(error == 0, ("bad multicall %d", error));
          }
          
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
  }
  #endif
  
  static vm_page_t
  pmap_enter_quick_locked(multicall_entry_t **mclpp, int *count, pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, vm_page_t m,
      vm_prot_t prot, vm_page_t mpte)
  {
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          vm_paddr_t pa;
          vm_page_t free;
          multicall_entry_t *mcl = *mclpp;
          
          KASSERT(va < kmi.clean_sva || va >= kmi.clean_eva ||
              (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0,
              ("pmap_enter_quick_locked: managed mapping within the clean submap"));
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          PMAP_LOCK_ASSERT(pmap, MA_OWNED);
  
          /*
           * In the case that a page table page is not
           * resident, we are creating it here.
           */
          if (va < VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS) {
                  unsigned ptepindex;
                  pd_entry_t ptema;
  
                  /*
                   * Calculate pagetable page index
                   */
                  ptepindex = va >> PDRSHIFT;
                  if (mpte && (mpte->pindex == ptepindex)) {
                          mpte->wire_count++;
                  } else {
                          /*
                           * Get the page directory entry
                           */
                          ptema = pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex];
  
                          /*
                           * If the page table page is mapped, we just increment
                           * the hold count, and activate it.
                           */
                          if (ptema & PG_V) {
                                  if (ptema & PG_PS)
                                          panic("pmap_enter_quick: unexpected mapping into 4MB page");
                                  mpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(xpmap_mtop(ptema) & PG_FRAME);
                                  mpte->wire_count++;
                          } else {
                                  mpte = _pmap_allocpte(pmap, ptepindex,
                                      M_NOWAIT);
                                  if (mpte == NULL)
                                          return (mpte);
                          }
                  }
          } else {
                  mpte = NULL;
          }
  
          /*
           * This call to vtopte makes the assumption that we are
           * entering the page into the current pmap.  In order to support
           * quick entry into any pmap, one would likely use pmap_pte_quick.
           * But that isn't as quick as vtopte.
           */
          KASSERT(pmap_is_current(pmap), ("entering pages in non-current pmap"));
          pte = vtopte(va);
          if (*pte & PG_V) {
                  if (mpte != NULL) {
                          mpte->wire_count--;
                          mpte = NULL;
                  }
                  return (mpte);
          }
  
          /*
           * Enter on the PV list if part of our managed memory.
           */
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0 &&
              !pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(pmap, va, m)) {
                  if (mpte != NULL) {
                          free = NULL;
                          if (pmap_unwire_pte_hold(pmap, mpte, &free)) {
                                  pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, va);
                                  pmap_free_zero_pages(free);
                          }
                          
                          mpte = NULL;
                  }
                  return (mpte);
          }
  
          /*
           * Increment counters
           */
          pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;
  
          pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
  #ifdef PAE
          if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) == 0)
                  pa |= pg_nx;
  #endif
  
  #if 0
          /*
           * Now validate mapping with RO protection
           */
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  pte_store(pte, pa | PG_V | PG_U);
          else
                  pte_store(pte, pa | PG_V | PG_U | PG_MANAGED);
  #else
          /*
           * Now validate mapping with RO protection
           */
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  pa =    xpmap_ptom(pa | PG_V | PG_U);
          else
                  pa = xpmap_ptom(pa | PG_V | PG_U | PG_MANAGED);
  
          mcl->op = __HYPERVISOR_update_va_mapping;
          mcl->args[0] = va;
          mcl->args[1] = (uint32_t)(pa & 0xffffffff);
          mcl->args[2] = (uint32_t)(pa >> 32);
          mcl->args[3] = 0;
          *mclpp = mcl + 1;
          *count = *count + 1;
  #endif  
          return mpte;
  }
  
  /*
   * Make a temporary mapping for a physical address.  This is only intended
   * to be used for panic dumps.
   */
  void *
  pmap_kenter_temporary(vm_paddr_t pa, int i)
  {
          vm_offset_t va;
          vm_paddr_t ma = xpmap_ptom(pa);
  
          va = (vm_offset_t)crashdumpmap + (i * PAGE_SIZE);
          PT_SET_MA(va, (ma & ~PAGE_MASK) | PG_V | pgeflag);
          invlpg(va);
          return ((void *)crashdumpmap);
  }
  
  /*
   * This code maps large physical mmap regions into the
   * processor address space.  Note that some shortcuts
   * are taken, but the code works.
   */
  void
  pmap_object_init_pt(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr,
                      vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex,
                      vm_size_t size)
  {
          pd_entry_t *pde;
          vm_paddr_t pa, ptepa;
          vm_page_t p;
          int pat_mode;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT(object->type == OBJT_DEVICE || object->type == OBJT_SG,
              ("pmap_object_init_pt: non-device object"));
          if (pseflag && 
              (addr & (NBPDR - 1)) == 0 && (size & (NBPDR - 1)) == 0) {
                  if (!vm_object_populate(object, pindex, pindex + atop(size)))
                          return;
                  p = vm_page_lookup(object, pindex);
                  KASSERT(p->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
                      ("pmap_object_init_pt: invalid page %p", p));
                  pat_mode = p->md.pat_mode;
                  /*
                   * Abort the mapping if the first page is not physically
                   * aligned to a 2/4MB page boundary.
                   */
                  ptepa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(p);
                  if (ptepa & (NBPDR - 1))
                          return;
                  /*
                   * Skip the first page.  Abort the mapping if the rest of
                   * the pages are not physically contiguous or have differing
                   * memory attributes.
                   */
                  p = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
                  for (pa = ptepa + PAGE_SIZE; pa < ptepa + size;
                      pa += PAGE_SIZE) {
                          KASSERT(p->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
                              ("pmap_object_init_pt: invalid page %p", p));
                          if (pa != VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(p) ||
                              pat_mode != p->md.pat_mode)
                                  return;
                          p = TAILQ_NEXT(p, listq);
                  }
                  /* Map using 2/4MB pages. */
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  for (pa = ptepa | pmap_cache_bits(pat_mode, 1); pa < ptepa +
                      size; pa += NBPDR) {
                          pde = pmap_pde(pmap, addr);
                          if (*pde == 0) {
                                  pde_store(pde, pa | PG_PS | PG_M | PG_A |
                                      PG_U | PG_RW | PG_V);
                                  pmap->pm_stats.resident_count += NBPDR /
                                      PAGE_SIZE;
                                  pmap_pde_mappings++;
                          }
                          /* Else continue on if the PDE is already valid. */
                          addr += NBPDR;
                  }
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      Routine:        pmap_change_wiring
   *      Function:       Change the wiring attribute for a map/virtual-address
   *                      pair.
   *      In/out conditions:
   *                      The mapping must already exist in the pmap.
   */
  void
  pmap_change_wiring(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, boolean_t wired)
  {
          pt_entry_t *pte;
  
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
  
          if (wired && !pmap_pte_w(pte)) {
                  PT_SET_VA_MA((pte), *(pte) | PG_W, TRUE);
                  pmap->pm_stats.wired_count++;
          } else if (!wired && pmap_pte_w(pte)) {
                  PT_SET_VA_MA((pte), *(pte) & ~PG_W, TRUE);
                  pmap->pm_stats.wired_count--;
          }
          
          /*
           * Wiring is not a hardware characteristic so there is no need to
           * invalidate TLB.
           */
          pmap_pte_release(pte);
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
  }
  
  
  
  /*
   *      Copy the range specified by src_addr/len
   *      from the source map to the range dst_addr/len
   *      in the destination map.
   *
   *      This routine is only advisory and need not do anything.
   */
  
  void
  pmap_copy(pmap_t dst_pmap, pmap_t src_pmap, vm_offset_t dst_addr, vm_size_t len,
            vm_offset_t src_addr)
  {
          vm_page_t   free;
          vm_offset_t addr;
          vm_offset_t end_addr = src_addr + len;
          vm_offset_t pdnxt;
  
          if (dst_addr != src_addr)
                  return;
  
          if (!pmap_is_current(src_pmap)) {
                  CTR2(KTR_PMAP,
                      "pmap_copy, skipping: pdir[PTDPTDI]=0x%jx PTDpde[0]=0x%jx",
                      (src_pmap->pm_pdir[PTDPTDI] & PG_FRAME), (PTDpde[0] & PG_FRAME));
                  
                  return;
          }
          CTR5(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_copy:  dst_pmap=%p src_pmap=%p dst_addr=0x%x len=%d src_addr=0x%x",
              dst_pmap, src_pmap, dst_addr, len, src_addr);
          
  #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
          mtx_lock(&createdelete_lock);
  #endif
  
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          if (dst_pmap < src_pmap) {
                  PMAP_LOCK(dst_pmap);
                  PMAP_LOCK(src_pmap);
          } else {
                  PMAP_LOCK(src_pmap);
                  PMAP_LOCK(dst_pmap);
          }
          sched_pin();
          for (addr = src_addr; addr < end_addr; addr = pdnxt) {
                  pt_entry_t *src_pte, *dst_pte;
                  vm_page_t dstmpte, srcmpte;
                  pd_entry_t srcptepaddr;
                  unsigned ptepindex;
  
                  KASSERT(addr < UPT_MIN_ADDRESS,
                      ("pmap_copy: invalid to pmap_copy page tables"));
  
                  pdnxt = (addr + NBPDR) & ~PDRMASK;
                  ptepindex = addr >> PDRSHIFT;
  
                  srcptepaddr = PT_GET(&src_pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex]);
                  if (srcptepaddr == 0)
                          continue;
                          
                  if (srcptepaddr & PG_PS) {
                          if (dst_pmap->pm_pdir[ptepindex] == 0) {
                                  PD_SET_VA(dst_pmap, ptepindex, srcptepaddr & ~PG_W, TRUE);
                                  dst_pmap->pm_stats.resident_count +=
                                      NBPDR / PAGE_SIZE;
                          }
                          continue;
                  }
  
                  srcmpte = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(srcptepaddr & PG_FRAME);
                  KASSERT(srcmpte->wire_count > 0,
                      ("pmap_copy: source page table page is unused"));
  
                  if (pdnxt > end_addr)
                          pdnxt = end_addr;
  
                  src_pte = vtopte(addr);
                  while (addr < pdnxt) {
                          pt_entry_t ptetemp;
                          ptetemp = *src_pte;
                          /*
                           * we only virtual copy managed pages
                           */
                          if ((ptetemp & PG_MANAGED) != 0) {
                                  dstmpte = pmap_allocpte(dst_pmap, addr,
                                      M_NOWAIT);
                                  if (dstmpte == NULL)
                                          break;
                                  dst_pte = pmap_pte_quick(dst_pmap, addr);
                                  if (*dst_pte == 0 &&
                                      pmap_try_insert_pv_entry(dst_pmap, addr,
                                      PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(xpmap_mtop(ptetemp) & PG_FRAME))) {
                                          /*
                                           * Clear the wired, modified, and
                                           * accessed (referenced) bits
                                           * during the copy.
                                           */
                                          KASSERT(ptetemp != 0, ("src_pte not set"));
                                          PT_SET_VA_MA(dst_pte, ptetemp & ~(PG_W | PG_M | PG_A), TRUE /* XXX debug */);
                                          KASSERT(*dst_pte == (ptetemp & ~(PG_W | PG_M | PG_A)),
                                              ("no pmap copy expected: 0x%jx saw: 0x%jx",
                                                  ptetemp &  ~(PG_W | PG_M | PG_A), *dst_pte));
                                          dst_pmap->pm_stats.resident_count++;
                                  } else {
                                          free = NULL;
                                          if (pmap_unwire_pte_hold(dst_pmap,
                                              dstmpte, &free)) {
                                                  pmap_invalidate_page(dst_pmap,
                                                      addr);
                                                  pmap_free_zero_pages(free);
                                          }
                                  }
                                  if (dstmpte->wire_count >= srcmpte->wire_count)
                                          break;
                          }
                          addr += PAGE_SIZE;
                          src_pte++;
                  }
          }
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          PMAP_UNLOCK(src_pmap);
          PMAP_UNLOCK(dst_pmap);
  
  #ifdef HAMFISTED_LOCKING
          mtx_unlock(&createdelete_lock);
  #endif
  }       
  
  static __inline void
  pagezero(void *page)
  {
  #if defined(I686_CPU)
          if (cpu_class == CPUCLASS_686) {
  #if defined(CPU_ENABLE_SSE)
                  if (cpu_feature & CPUID_SSE2)
                          sse2_pagezero(page);
                  else
  #endif
                          i686_pagezero(page);
          } else
  #endif
                  bzero(page, PAGE_SIZE);
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_zero_page zeros the specified hardware page by mapping 
   *      the page into KVM and using bzero to clear its contents.
   */
  void
  pmap_zero_page(vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct sysmaps *sysmaps;
  
          sysmaps = &sysmaps_pcpu[PCPU_GET(cpuid)];
          mtx_lock(&sysmaps->lock);
          if (*sysmaps->CMAP2)
                  panic("pmap_zero_page: CMAP2 busy");
          sched_pin();
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m) | PG_A | PG_M);
          pagezero(sysmaps->CADDR2);
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, 0);
          sched_unpin();
          mtx_unlock(&sysmaps->lock);
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_zero_page_area zeros the specified hardware page by mapping 
   *      the page into KVM and using bzero to clear its contents.
   *
   *      off and size may not cover an area beyond a single hardware page.
   */
  void
  pmap_zero_page_area(vm_page_t m, int off, int size)
  {
          struct sysmaps *sysmaps;
  
          sysmaps = &sysmaps_pcpu[PCPU_GET(cpuid)];
          mtx_lock(&sysmaps->lock);
          if (*sysmaps->CMAP2)
                  panic("pmap_zero_page: CMAP2 busy");
          sched_pin();
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m) | PG_A | PG_M);
  
          if (off == 0 && size == PAGE_SIZE) 
                  pagezero(sysmaps->CADDR2);
          else
                  bzero((char *)sysmaps->CADDR2 + off, size);
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, 0);
          sched_unpin();
          mtx_unlock(&sysmaps->lock);
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_zero_page_idle zeros the specified hardware page by mapping 
   *      the page into KVM and using bzero to clear its contents.  This
   *      is intended to be called from the vm_pagezero process only and
   *      outside of Giant.
   */
  void
  pmap_zero_page_idle(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          if (*CMAP3)
                  panic("pmap_zero_page: CMAP3 busy");
          sched_pin();
          PT_SET_MA(CADDR3, PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m) | PG_A | PG_M);
          pagezero(CADDR3);
          PT_SET_MA(CADDR3, 0);
          sched_unpin();
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_copy_page copies the specified (machine independent)
   *      page by mapping the page into virtual memory and using
   *      bcopy to copy the page, one machine dependent page at a
   *      time.
   */
  void
  pmap_copy_page(vm_page_t src, vm_page_t dst)
  {
          struct sysmaps *sysmaps;
  
          sysmaps = &sysmaps_pcpu[PCPU_GET(cpuid)];
          mtx_lock(&sysmaps->lock);
          if (*sysmaps->CMAP1)
                  panic("pmap_copy_page: CMAP1 busy");
          if (*sysmaps->CMAP2)
                  panic("pmap_copy_page: CMAP2 busy");
          sched_pin();
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR1, PG_V | VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(src) | PG_A);
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, PG_V | PG_RW | VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(dst) | PG_A | PG_M);
          bcopy(sysmaps->CADDR1, sysmaps->CADDR2, PAGE_SIZE);
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR1, 0);
          PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, 0);
          sched_unpin();
          mtx_unlock(&sysmaps->lock);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns true if the pmap's pv is one of the first
   * 16 pvs linked to from this page.  This count may
   * be changed upwards or downwards in the future; it
   * is only necessary that true be returned for a small
   * subset of pmaps for proper page aging.
   */
  boolean_t
  pmap_page_exists_quick(pmap_t pmap, vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          int loops = 0;
          boolean_t rv;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_page_exists_quick: page %p is not managed", m));
          rv = FALSE;
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  if (PV_PMAP(pv) == pmap) {
                          rv = TRUE;
                          break;
                  }
                  loops++;
                  if (loops >= 16)
                          break;
          }
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          return (rv);
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_page_wired_mappings:
   *
   *      Return the number of managed mappings to the given physical page
   *      that are wired.
   */
  int
  pmap_page_wired_mappings(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          pmap_t pmap;
          int count;
  
          count = 0;
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  return (count);
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  if ((*pte & PG_W) != 0)
                          count++;
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          }
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          return (count);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns TRUE if the given page is mapped individually or as part of
   * a 4mpage.  Otherwise, returns FALSE.
   */
  boolean_t
  pmap_page_is_mapped(vm_page_t m)
  {
          boolean_t rv;
  
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  return (FALSE);
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          rv = !TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list) ||
              !TAILQ_EMPTY(&pa_to_pvh(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m))->pv_list);
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          return (rv);
  }
  
  /*
   * Remove all pages from specified address space
   * this aids process exit speeds.  Also, this code
   * is special cased for current process only, but
   * can have the more generic (and slightly slower)
   * mode enabled.  This is much faster than pmap_remove
   * in the case of running down an entire address space.
   */
  void
  pmap_remove_pages(pmap_t pmap)
  {
          pt_entry_t *pte, tpte;
          vm_page_t m, free = NULL;
          pv_entry_t pv;
          struct pv_chunk *pc, *npc;
          int field, idx;
          int32_t bit;
          uint32_t inuse, bitmask;
          int allfree;
  
          CTR1(KTR_PMAP, "pmap_remove_pages: pmap=%p", pmap);
          
          if (pmap != vmspace_pmap(curthread->td_proc->p_vmspace)) {
                  printf("warning: pmap_remove_pages called with non-current pmap\n");
                  return;
          }
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          KASSERT(pmap_is_current(pmap), ("removing pages from non-current pmap"));
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(pc, &pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc_list, npc) {
                  allfree = 1;
                  for (field = 0; field < _NPCM; field++) {
                          inuse = (~(pc->pc_map[field])) & pc_freemask[field];
                          while (inuse != 0) {
                                  bit = bsfl(inuse);
                                  bitmask = 1UL << bit;
                                  idx = field * 32 + bit;
                                  pv = &pc->pc_pventry[idx];
                                  inuse &= ~bitmask;
  
                                  pte = vtopte(pv->pv_va);
                                  tpte = *pte ? xpmap_mtop(*pte) : 0;
  
                                  if (tpte == 0) {
                                          printf(
                                              "TPTE at %p  IS ZERO @ VA %08x\n",
                                              pte, pv->pv_va);
                                          panic("bad pte");
                                  }
  
  /*
   * We cannot remove wired pages from a process' mapping at this time
   */
                                  if (tpte & PG_W) {
                                          allfree = 0;
                                          continue;
                                  }
  
                                  m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(tpte & PG_FRAME);
                                  KASSERT(m->phys_addr == (tpte & PG_FRAME),
                                      ("vm_page_t %p phys_addr mismatch %016jx %016jx",
                                      m, (uintmax_t)m->phys_addr,
                                      (uintmax_t)tpte));
  
                                  KASSERT(m < &vm_page_array[vm_page_array_size],
                                          ("pmap_remove_pages: bad tpte %#jx",
                                          (uintmax_t)tpte));
  
  
                                  PT_CLEAR_VA(pte, FALSE);
                                  
                                  /*
                                   * Update the vm_page_t clean/reference bits.
                                   */
                                  if (tpte & PG_M)
                                          vm_page_dirty(m);
  
                                  TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                                  if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&m->md.pv_list))
                                          vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
  
                                  pmap_unuse_pt(pmap, pv->pv_va, &free);
  
                                  /* Mark free */
                                  PV_STAT(pv_entry_frees++);
                                  PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare++);
                                  pv_entry_count--;
                                  pc->pc_map[field] |= bitmask;
                                  pmap->pm_stats.resident_count--;                        
                          }
                  }
                  PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
                  if (allfree) {
                          PV_STAT(pv_entry_spare -= _NPCPV);
                          PV_STAT(pc_chunk_count--);
                          PV_STAT(pc_chunk_frees++);
                          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pmap->pm_pvchunk, pc, pc_list);
                          m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pmap_kextract((vm_offset_t)pc));
                          pmap_qremove((vm_offset_t)pc, 1);
                          vm_page_unwire(m, 0);
                          vm_page_free(m);
                          pmap_ptelist_free(&pv_vafree, (vm_offset_t)pc);
                  }
          }
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
  
          sched_unpin();
          pmap_invalidate_all(pmap);
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          pmap_free_zero_pages(free);
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_is_modified:
   *
   *      Return whether or not the specified physical page was modified
   *      in any physical maps.
   */
  boolean_t
  pmap_is_modified(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          pmap_t pmap;
          boolean_t rv;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_is_modified: page %p is not managed", m));
          rv = FALSE;
  
          /*
           * If the page is not VPO_BUSY, then PGA_WRITEABLE cannot be
           * concurrently set while the object is locked.  Thus, if PGA_WRITEABLE
           * is clear, no PTEs can have PG_M set.
           */
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) == 0 &&
              (m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                  return (rv);
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  rv = (*pte & PG_M) != 0;
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                  if (rv)
                          break;
          }
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          return (rv);
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_is_prefaultable:
   *
   *      Return whether or not the specified virtual address is elgible
   *      for prefault.
   */
  static boolean_t
  pmap_is_prefaultable_locked(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr)
  {
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          boolean_t rv = FALSE;
  
          return (rv);
          
          if (pmap_is_current(pmap) && *pmap_pde(pmap, addr)) {
                  pte = vtopte(addr);
                  rv = (*pte == 0);
          }
          return (rv);
  }
  
  boolean_t
  pmap_is_prefaultable(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr)
  {
          boolean_t rv;
          
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
          rv = pmap_is_prefaultable_locked(pmap, addr);
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          return (rv);
  }
  
  boolean_t
  pmap_is_referenced(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          pmap_t pmap;
          boolean_t rv;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_is_referenced: page %p is not managed", m));
          rv = FALSE;
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  rv = (*pte & (PG_A | PG_V)) == (PG_A | PG_V);
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                  if (rv)
                          break;
          }
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          return (rv);
  }
  
  void
  pmap_map_readonly(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, int len)
  {
          int i, npages = round_page(len) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
          for (i = 0; i < npages; i++) {
                  pt_entry_t *pte;
                  pte = pmap_pte(pmap, (vm_offset_t)(va + i*PAGE_SIZE));
                  vm_page_lock_queues();
                  pte_store(pte, xpmap_mtop(*pte & ~(PG_RW|PG_M)));
                  vm_page_unlock_queues();
                  PMAP_MARK_PRIV(xpmap_mtop(*pte));
                  pmap_pte_release(pte);
          }
  }
  
  void
  pmap_map_readwrite(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t va, int len)
  {
          int i, npages = round_page(len) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
          for (i = 0; i < npages; i++) {
                  pt_entry_t *pte;
                  pte = pmap_pte(pmap, (vm_offset_t)(va + i*PAGE_SIZE));
                  PMAP_MARK_UNPRIV(xpmap_mtop(*pte));
                  vm_page_lock_queues();
                  pte_store(pte, xpmap_mtop(*pte) | (PG_RW|PG_M));
                  vm_page_unlock_queues();
                  pmap_pte_release(pte);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   * Clear the write and modified bits in each of the given page's mappings.
   */
  void
  pmap_remove_write(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pmap_t pmap;
          pt_entry_t oldpte, *pte;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_remove_write: page %p is not managed", m));
  
          /*
           * If the page is not VPO_BUSY, then PGA_WRITEABLE cannot be set by
           * another thread while the object is locked.  Thus, if PGA_WRITEABLE
           * is clear, no page table entries need updating.
           */
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) == 0 &&
              (m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                  return;
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
  retry:
                  oldpte = *pte;
                  if ((oldpte & PG_RW) != 0) {
                          vm_paddr_t newpte = oldpte & ~(PG_RW | PG_M);
                          
                          /*
                           * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits
                           * in size, PG_RW and PG_M are among the least
                           * significant 32 bits.
                           */
                          PT_SET_VA_MA(pte, newpte, TRUE);
                          if (*pte != newpte)
                                  goto retry;
                          
                          if ((oldpte & PG_M) != 0)
                                  vm_page_dirty(m);
                          pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  }
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          }
          vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_WRITEABLE);
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_ts_referenced:
   *
   *      Return a count of reference bits for a page, clearing those bits.
   *      It is not necessary for every reference bit to be cleared, but it
   *      is necessary that 0 only be returned when there are truly no
   *      reference bits set.
   *
   *      XXX: The exact number of bits to check and clear is a matter that
   *      should be tested and standardized at some point in the future for
   *      optimal aging of shared pages.
   */
  int
  pmap_ts_referenced(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv, pvf, pvn;
          pmap_t pmap;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          int rtval = 0;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_ts_referenced: page %p is not managed", m));
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          if ((pv = TAILQ_FIRST(&m->md.pv_list)) != NULL) {
                  pvf = pv;
                  do {
                          pvn = TAILQ_NEXT(pv, pv_list);
                          TAILQ_REMOVE(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                          TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&m->md.pv_list, pv, pv_list);
                          pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                          pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                          if ((*pte & PG_A) != 0) {
                                  PT_SET_VA_MA(pte, *pte & ~PG_A, FALSE);
                                  pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                                  rtval++;
                                  if (rtval > 4)
                                          pvn = NULL;
                          }
                          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
                  } while ((pv = pvn) != NULL && pv != pvf);
          }
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          if (*PMAP1)
                  PT_SET_MA(PADDR1, 0);
  
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
          return (rtval);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Clear the modify bits on the specified physical page.
   */
  void
  pmap_clear_modify(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pmap_t pmap;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_clear_modify: page %p is not managed", m));
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) == 0,
              ("pmap_clear_modify: page %p is busy", m));
  
          /*
           * If the page is not PGA_WRITEABLE, then no PTEs can have PG_M set.
           * If the object containing the page is locked and the page is not
           * VPO_BUSY, then PGA_WRITEABLE cannot be concurrently set.
           */
          if ((m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                  return;
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  if ((*pte & PG_M) != 0) {
                          /*
                           * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits
                           * in size, PG_M is among the least significant
                           * 32 bits. 
                           */
                          PT_SET_VA_MA(pte, *pte & ~PG_M, FALSE);
                          pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  }
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          }
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
  }
  
  /*
   *      pmap_clear_reference:
   *
   *      Clear the reference bit on the specified physical page.
   */
  void
  pmap_clear_reference(vm_page_t m)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pmap_t pmap;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("pmap_clear_reference: page %p is not managed", m));
          vm_page_lock_queues();
          sched_pin();
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
                  pte = pmap_pte_quick(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  if ((*pte & PG_A) != 0) {
                          /*
                           * Regardless of whether a pte is 32 or 64 bits
                           * in size, PG_A is among the least significant
                           * 32 bits. 
                           */
                          PT_SET_VA_MA(pte, *pte & ~PG_A, FALSE);
                          pmap_invalidate_page(pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  }
                  PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          }
          sched_unpin();
          vm_page_unlock_queues();
  }
  
  /*
   * Miscellaneous support routines follow
   */
  
  /*
   * Map a set of physical memory pages into the kernel virtual
   * address space. Return a pointer to where it is mapped. This
   * routine is intended to be used for mapping device memory,
   * NOT real memory.
   */
  void *
  pmap_mapdev_attr(vm_paddr_t pa, vm_size_t size, int mode)
  {
          vm_offset_t va, offset;
          vm_size_t tmpsize;
  
          offset = pa & PAGE_MASK;
          size = roundup(offset + size, PAGE_SIZE);
          pa = pa & PG_FRAME;
  
          if (pa < KERNLOAD && pa + size <= KERNLOAD)
                  va = KERNBASE + pa;
          else
                  va = kmem_alloc_nofault(kernel_map, size);
          if (!va)
                  panic("pmap_mapdev: Couldn't alloc kernel virtual memory");
  
          for (tmpsize = 0; tmpsize < size; tmpsize += PAGE_SIZE)
                  pmap_kenter_attr(va + tmpsize, pa + tmpsize, mode);
          pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, va, va + tmpsize);
          pmap_invalidate_cache_range(va, va + size);
          return ((void *)(va + offset));
  }
  
  void *
  pmap_mapdev(vm_paddr_t pa, vm_size_t size)
  {
  
          return (pmap_mapdev_attr(pa, size, PAT_UNCACHEABLE));
  }
  
  void *
  pmap_mapbios(vm_paddr_t pa, vm_size_t size)
  {
  
          return (pmap_mapdev_attr(pa, size, PAT_WRITE_BACK));
  }
  
  void
  pmap_unmapdev(vm_offset_t va, vm_size_t size)
  {
          vm_offset_t base, offset, tmpva;
  
          if (va >= KERNBASE && va + size <= KERNBASE + KERNLOAD)
                  return;
          base = trunc_page(va);
          offset = va & PAGE_MASK;
          size = roundup(offset + size, PAGE_SIZE);
          critical_enter();
          for (tmpva = base; tmpva < (base + size); tmpva += PAGE_SIZE)
                  pmap_kremove(tmpva);
          pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, va, tmpva);
          critical_exit();
          kmem_free(kernel_map, base, size);
  }
  
  /*
   * Sets the memory attribute for the specified page.
   */
  void
  pmap_page_set_memattr(vm_page_t m, vm_memattr_t ma)
  {
          struct sysmaps *sysmaps;
          vm_offset_t sva, eva;
  
          m->md.pat_mode = ma;
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0)
                  return;
  
          /*
           * If "m" is a normal page, flush it from the cache.
           * See pmap_invalidate_cache_range().
           *
           * First, try to find an existing mapping of the page by sf
           * buffer. sf_buf_invalidate_cache() modifies mapping and
           * flushes the cache.
           */    
          if (sf_buf_invalidate_cache(m))
                  return;
  
          /*
           * If page is not mapped by sf buffer, but CPU does not
           * support self snoop, map the page transient and do
           * invalidation. In the worst case, whole cache is flushed by
           * pmap_invalidate_cache_range().
           */
          if ((cpu_feature & (CPUID_SS|CPUID_CLFSH)) == CPUID_CLFSH) {
                  sysmaps = &sysmaps_pcpu[PCPU_GET(cpuid)];
                  mtx_lock(&sysmaps->lock);
                  if (*sysmaps->CMAP2)
                          panic("pmap_page_set_memattr: CMAP2 busy");
                  sched_pin();
                  PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, PG_V | PG_RW |
                      VM_PAGE_TO_MACH(m) | PG_A | PG_M |
                      pmap_cache_bits(m->md.pat_mode, 0));
                  invlcaddr(sysmaps->CADDR2);
                  sva = (vm_offset_t)sysmaps->CADDR2;
                  eva = sva + PAGE_SIZE;
          } else
                  sva = eva = 0; /* gcc */
          pmap_invalidate_cache_range(sva, eva);
          if (sva != 0) {
                  PT_SET_MA(sysmaps->CADDR2, 0);
                  sched_unpin();
                  mtx_unlock(&sysmaps->lock);
          }
  }
  
  int
  pmap_change_attr(va, size, mode)
          vm_offset_t va;
          vm_size_t size;
          int mode;
  {
          vm_offset_t base, offset, tmpva;
          pt_entry_t *pte;
          u_int opte, npte;
          pd_entry_t *pde;
          boolean_t changed;
  
          base = trunc_page(va);
          offset = va & PAGE_MASK;
          size = roundup(offset + size, PAGE_SIZE);
  
          /* Only supported on kernel virtual addresses. */
          if (base <= VM_MAXUSER_ADDRESS)
                  return (EINVAL);
  
          /* 4MB pages and pages that aren't mapped aren't supported. */
          for (tmpva = base; tmpva < (base + size); tmpva += PAGE_SIZE) {
                  pde = pmap_pde(kernel_pmap, tmpva);
                  if (*pde & PG_PS)
                          return (EINVAL);
                  if ((*pde & PG_V) == 0)
                          return (EINVAL);
                  pte = vtopte(va);
                  if ((*pte & PG_V) == 0)
                          return (EINVAL);
          }
  
          changed = FALSE;
  
          /*
           * Ok, all the pages exist and are 4k, so run through them updating
           * their cache mode.
           */
          for (tmpva = base; size > 0; ) {
                  pte = vtopte(tmpva);
  
                  /*
                   * The cache mode bits are all in the low 32-bits of the
                   * PTE, so we can just spin on updating the low 32-bits.
                   */
                  do {
                          opte = *(u_int *)pte;
                          npte = opte & ~(PG_PTE_PAT | PG_NC_PCD | PG_NC_PWT);
                          npte |= pmap_cache_bits(mode, 0);
                          PT_SET_VA_MA(pte, npte, TRUE);
                  } while (npte != opte && (*pte != npte));
                  if (npte != opte)
                          changed = TRUE;
                  tmpva += PAGE_SIZE;
                  size -= PAGE_SIZE;
          }
  
          /*
           * Flush CPU caches to make sure any data isn't cached that shouldn't
           * be, etc.
           */
          if (changed) {
                  pmap_invalidate_range(kernel_pmap, base, tmpva);
                  pmap_invalidate_cache_range(base, tmpva);
          }
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   * perform the pmap work for mincore
   */
  int
  pmap_mincore(pmap_t pmap, vm_offset_t addr, vm_paddr_t *locked_pa)
  {
          pt_entry_t *ptep, pte;
          vm_paddr_t pa;
          int val;
          
          PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
  retry:
          ptep = pmap_pte(pmap, addr);
          pte = (ptep != NULL) ? PT_GET(ptep) : 0;
          pmap_pte_release(ptep);
          val = 0;
          if ((pte & PG_V) != 0) {
                  val |= MINCORE_INCORE;
                  if ((pte & (PG_M | PG_RW)) == (PG_M | PG_RW))
                          val |= MINCORE_MODIFIED | MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER;
                  if ((pte & PG_A) != 0)
                          val |= MINCORE_REFERENCED | MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER;
          }
          if ((val & (MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER | MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER)) !=
              (MINCORE_MODIFIED_OTHER | MINCORE_REFERENCED_OTHER) &&
              (pte & (PG_MANAGED | PG_V)) == (PG_MANAGED | PG_V)) {
                  pa = pte & PG_FRAME;
                  /* Ensure that "PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa)->object" doesn't change. */
                  if (vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap, pa, locked_pa))
                          goto retry;
          } else
                  PA_UNLOCK_COND(*locked_pa);
          PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
          return (val);
  }
  
  void
  pmap_activate(struct thread *td)
  {
          pmap_t  pmap, oldpmap;
          u_int   cpuid;
          u_int32_t  cr3;
  
          critical_enter();
          pmap = vmspace_pmap(td->td_proc->p_vmspace);
          oldpmap = PCPU_GET(curpmap);
          cpuid = PCPU_GET(cpuid);
  #if defined(SMP)
          CPU_CLR_ATOMIC(cpuid, &oldpmap->pm_active);
          CPU_SET_ATOMIC(cpuid, &pmap->pm_active);
  #else
          CPU_CLR(cpuid, &oldpmap->pm_active);
          CPU_SET(cpuid, &pmap->pm_active);
  #endif
  #ifdef PAE
          cr3 = vtophys(pmap->pm_pdpt);
  #else
          cr3 = vtophys(pmap->pm_pdir);
  #endif
          /*
           * pmap_activate is for the current thread on the current cpu
           */
          td->td_pcb->pcb_cr3 = cr3;
          PT_UPDATES_FLUSH();
          load_cr3(cr3);
          PCPU_SET(curpmap, pmap);
          critical_exit();
  }
  
  void
  pmap_sync_icache(pmap_t pm, vm_offset_t va, vm_size_t sz)
  {
  }
  
  /*
   *      Increase the starting virtual address of the given mapping if a
   *      different alignment might result in more superpage mappings.
   */
  void
  pmap_align_superpage(vm_object_t object, vm_ooffset_t offset,
      vm_offset_t *addr, vm_size_t size)
  {
          vm_offset_t superpage_offset;
  
          if (size < NBPDR)
                  return;
          if (object != NULL && (object->flags & OBJ_COLORED) != 0)
                  offset += ptoa(object->pg_color);
          superpage_offset = offset & PDRMASK;
          if (size - ((NBPDR - superpage_offset) & PDRMASK) < NBPDR ||
              (*addr & PDRMASK) == superpage_offset)
                  return;
          if ((*addr & PDRMASK) < superpage_offset)
                  *addr = (*addr & ~PDRMASK) + superpage_offset;
          else
                  *addr = ((*addr + PDRMASK) & ~PDRMASK) + superpage_offset;
  }
  
  void
  pmap_suspend()
  {
          pmap_t pmap;
          int i, pdir, offset;
          vm_paddr_t pdirma;
          mmu_update_t mu[4];
  
          /*
           * We need to remove the recursive mapping structure from all
           * our pmaps so that Xen doesn't get confused when it restores
           * the page tables. The recursive map lives at page directory
           * index PTDPTDI. We assume that the suspend code has stopped
           * the other vcpus (if any).
           */
          LIST_FOREACH(pmap, &allpmaps, pm_list) {
                  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                          /*
                           * Figure out which page directory (L2) page
                           * contains this bit of the recursive map and
                           * the offset within that page of the map
                           * entry
                           */
                          pdir = (PTDPTDI + i) / NPDEPG;
                          offset = (PTDPTDI + i) % NPDEPG;
                          pdirma = pmap->pm_pdpt[pdir] & PG_FRAME;
                          mu[i].ptr = pdirma + offset * sizeof(pd_entry_t);
                          mu[i].val = 0;
                  }
                  HYPERVISOR_mmu_update(mu, 4, NULL, DOMID_SELF);
          }
  }
  
  void
  pmap_resume()
  {
          pmap_t pmap;
          int i, pdir, offset;
          vm_paddr_t pdirma;
          mmu_update_t mu[4];
  
          /*
           * Restore the recursive map that we removed on suspend.
           */
          LIST_FOREACH(pmap, &allpmaps, pm_list) {
                  for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                          /*
                           * Figure out which page directory (L2) page
                           * contains this bit of the recursive map and
                           * the offset within that page of the map
                           * entry
                           */
                          pdir = (PTDPTDI + i) / NPDEPG;
                          offset = (PTDPTDI + i) % NPDEPG;
                          pdirma = pmap->pm_pdpt[pdir] & PG_FRAME;
                          mu[i].ptr = pdirma + offset * sizeof(pd_entry_t);
                          mu[i].val = (pmap->pm_pdpt[i] & PG_FRAME) | PG_V;
                  }
                  HYPERVISOR_mmu_update(mu, 4, NULL, DOMID_SELF);
          }
  }
  
  #if defined(PMAP_DEBUG)
  pmap_pid_dump(int pid)
  {
          pmap_t pmap;
          struct proc *p;
          int npte = 0;
          int index;
  
          sx_slock(&allproc_lock);
          FOREACH_PROC_IN_SYSTEM(p) {
                  if (p->p_pid != pid)
                          continue;
  
                  if (p->p_vmspace) {
                          int i,j;
                          index = 0;
                          pmap = vmspace_pmap(p->p_vmspace);
                          for (i = 0; i < NPDEPTD; i++) {
                                  pd_entry_t *pde;
                                  pt_entry_t *pte;
                                  vm_offset_t base = i << PDRSHIFT;
                                  
                                  pde = &pmap->pm_pdir[i];
                                  if (pde && pmap_pde_v(pde)) {
                                          for (j = 0; j < NPTEPG; j++) {
                                                  vm_offset_t va = base + (j << PAGE_SHIFT);
                                                  if (va >= (vm_offset_t) VM_MIN_KERNEL_ADDRESS) {
                                                          if (index) {
                                                                  index = 0;
                                                                  printf("\n");
                                                          }
                                                          sx_sunlock(&allproc_lock);
                                                          return npte;
                                                  }
                                                  pte = pmap_pte(pmap, va);
                                                  if (pte && pmap_pte_v(pte)) {
                                                          pt_entry_t pa;
                                                          vm_page_t m;
                                                          pa = PT_GET(pte);
                                                          m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa & PG_FRAME);
                                                          printf("va: 0x%x, pt: 0x%x, h: %d, w: %d, f: 0x%x",
                                                                  va, pa, m->hold_count, m->wire_count, m->flags);
                                                          npte++;
                                                          index++;
                                                          if (index >= 2) {
                                                                  index = 0;
                                                                  printf("\n");
                                                          } else {
                                                                  printf(" ");
                                                          }
                                                  }
                                          }
                                  }
                          }
                  }
          }
          sx_sunlock(&allproc_lock);
          return npte;
  }
  #endif
  
  #if defined(DEBUG)
  
  static void     pads(pmap_t pm);
  void            pmap_pvdump(vm_paddr_t pa);
  
  /* print address space of pmap*/
  static void
  pads(pmap_t pm)
  {
          int i, j;
          vm_paddr_t va;
          pt_entry_t *ptep;
  
          if (pm == kernel_pmap)
                  return;
          for (i = 0; i < NPDEPTD; i++)
                  if (pm->pm_pdir[i])
                          for (j = 0; j < NPTEPG; j++) {
                                  va = (i << PDRSHIFT) + (j << PAGE_SHIFT);
                                  if (pm == kernel_pmap && va < KERNBASE)
                                          continue;
                                  if (pm != kernel_pmap && va > UPT_MAX_ADDRESS)
                                          continue;
                                  ptep = pmap_pte(pm, va);
                                  if (pmap_pte_v(ptep))
                                          printf("%x:%x ", va, *ptep);
                          };
  
  }
  
  void
  pmap_pvdump(vm_paddr_t pa)
  {
          pv_entry_t pv;
          pmap_t pmap;
          vm_page_t m;
  
          printf("pa %x", pa);
          m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(pa);
          TAILQ_FOREACH(pv, &m->md.pv_list, pv_list) {
                  pmap = PV_PMAP(pv);
                  printf(" -> pmap %p, va %x", (void *)pmap, pv->pv_va);
                  pads(pmap);
          }
          printf(" ");
  }
  #endif