The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD Operating System, Second Edition
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FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/kern/kern_clock.c

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    1 /*-
    2  * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1991, 1993
    3  *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
    4  * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
    5  * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
    6  * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
    7  * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
    8  * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
    9  *
   10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   12  * are met:
   13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   18  * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
   19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
   20  *    without specific prior written permission.
   21  *
   22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
   23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
   24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
   25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
   26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
   27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
   28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
   30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
   31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
   32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
   33  *
   34  *      @(#)kern_clock.c        8.5 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
   35  */
   36 
   37 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
   38 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD: src/sys/kern/kern_clock.c,v 1.172.2.4 2006/01/03 16:34:55 emaste Exp $");
   39 
   40 #include "opt_ntp.h"
   41 #include "opt_watchdog.h"
   42 
   43 #include <sys/param.h>
   44 #include <sys/systm.h>
   45 #include <sys/callout.h>
   46 #include <sys/kdb.h>
   47 #include <sys/kernel.h>
   48 #include <sys/lock.h>
   49 #include <sys/ktr.h>
   50 #include <sys/mutex.h>
   51 #include <sys/proc.h>
   52 #include <sys/resource.h>
   53 #include <sys/resourcevar.h>
   54 #include <sys/sched.h>
   55 #include <sys/signalvar.h>
   56 #include <sys/smp.h>
   57 #include <vm/vm.h>
   58 #include <vm/pmap.h>
   59 #include <vm/vm_map.h>
   60 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
   61 #include <sys/bus.h>
   62 #include <sys/interrupt.h>
   63 #include <sys/limits.h>
   64 #include <sys/timetc.h>
   65 
   66 #include <machine/cpu.h>
   67 
   68 #ifdef GPROF
   69 #include <sys/gmon.h>
   70 #endif
   71 
   72 #ifdef DEVICE_POLLING
   73 extern void hardclock_device_poll(void);
   74 #endif /* DEVICE_POLLING */
   75 
   76 static void initclocks(void *dummy);
   77 SYSINIT(clocks, SI_SUB_CLOCKS, SI_ORDER_FIRST, initclocks, NULL)
   78 
   79 /* Some of these don't belong here, but it's easiest to concentrate them. */
   80 long cp_time[CPUSTATES];
   81 
   82 SYSCTL_OPAQUE(_kern, OID_AUTO, cp_time, CTLFLAG_RD, &cp_time, sizeof(cp_time),
   83     "LU", "CPU time statistics");
   84 
   85 #ifdef SW_WATCHDOG
   86 #include <sys/watchdog.h>
   87 
   88 static int watchdog_ticks;
   89 static int watchdog_enabled;
   90 static void watchdog_fire(void);
   91 static void watchdog_config(void *, u_int, int *);
   92 #endif /* SW_WATCHDOG */
   93 
   94 /*
   95  * Clock handling routines.
   96  *
   97  * This code is written to operate with two timers that run independently of
   98  * each other.
   99  *
  100  * The main timer, running hz times per second, is used to trigger interval
  101  * timers, timeouts and rescheduling as needed.
  102  *
  103  * The second timer handles kernel and user profiling,
  104  * and does resource use estimation.  If the second timer is programmable,
  105  * it is randomized to avoid aliasing between the two clocks.  For example,
  106  * the randomization prevents an adversary from always giving up the cpu
  107  * just before its quantum expires.  Otherwise, it would never accumulate
  108  * cpu ticks.  The mean frequency of the second timer is stathz.
  109  *
  110  * If no second timer exists, stathz will be zero; in this case we drive
  111  * profiling and statistics off the main clock.  This WILL NOT be accurate;
  112  * do not do it unless absolutely necessary.
  113  *
  114  * The statistics clock may (or may not) be run at a higher rate while
  115  * profiling.  This profile clock runs at profhz.  We require that profhz
  116  * be an integral multiple of stathz.
  117  *
  118  * If the statistics clock is running fast, it must be divided by the ratio
  119  * profhz/stathz for statistics.  (For profiling, every tick counts.)
  120  *
  121  * Time-of-day is maintained using a "timecounter", which may or may
  122  * not be related to the hardware generating the above mentioned
  123  * interrupts.
  124  */
  125 
  126 int     stathz;
  127 int     profhz;
  128 int     profprocs;
  129 int     ticks;
  130 int     psratio;
  131 
  132 /*
  133  * Initialize clock frequencies and start both clocks running.
  134  */
  135 /* ARGSUSED*/
  136 static void
  137 initclocks(dummy)
  138         void *dummy;
  139 {
  140         register int i;
  141 
  142         /*
  143          * Set divisors to 1 (normal case) and let the machine-specific
  144          * code do its bit.
  145          */
  146         cpu_initclocks();
  147 
  148         /*
  149          * Compute profhz/stathz, and fix profhz if needed.
  150          */
  151         i = stathz ? stathz : hz;
  152         if (profhz == 0)
  153                 profhz = i;
  154         psratio = profhz / i;
  155 #ifdef SW_WATCHDOG
  156         EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER(watchdog_list, watchdog_config, NULL, 0);
  157 #endif
  158 }
  159 
  160 /*
  161  * Each time the real-time timer fires, this function is called on all CPUs.
  162  * Note that hardclock() calls hardclock_process() for the boot CPU, so only
  163  * the other CPUs in the system need to call this function.
  164  */
  165 void
  166 hardclock_process(frame)
  167         register struct clockframe *frame;
  168 {
  169         struct pstats *pstats;
  170         struct thread *td = curthread;
  171         struct proc *p = td->td_proc;
  172 
  173         /*
  174          * Run current process's virtual and profile time, as needed.
  175          */
  176         mtx_lock_spin_flags(&sched_lock, MTX_QUIET);
  177         if (p->p_flag & P_SA) {
  178                 /* XXXKSE What to do? */
  179         } else {
  180                 pstats = p->p_stats;
  181                 if (CLKF_USERMODE(frame) &&
  182                     timevalisset(&pstats->p_timer[ITIMER_VIRTUAL].it_value) &&
  183                     itimerdecr(&pstats->p_timer[ITIMER_VIRTUAL], tick) == 0) {
  184                         p->p_sflag |= PS_ALRMPEND;
  185                         td->td_flags |= TDF_ASTPENDING;
  186                 }
  187                 if (timevalisset(&pstats->p_timer[ITIMER_PROF].it_value) &&
  188                     itimerdecr(&pstats->p_timer[ITIMER_PROF], tick) == 0) {
  189                         p->p_sflag |= PS_PROFPEND;
  190                         td->td_flags |= TDF_ASTPENDING;
  191                 }
  192         }
  193         mtx_unlock_spin_flags(&sched_lock, MTX_QUIET);
  194 }
  195 
  196 /*
  197  * The real-time timer, interrupting hz times per second.
  198  */
  199 void
  200 hardclock(frame)
  201         register struct clockframe *frame;
  202 {
  203         int need_softclock = 0;
  204 
  205         CTR0(KTR_CLK, "hardclock fired");
  206         hardclock_process(frame);
  207 
  208         tc_ticktock();
  209         /*
  210          * If no separate statistics clock is available, run it from here.
  211          *
  212          * XXX: this only works for UP
  213          */
  214         if (stathz == 0) {
  215                 profclock(frame);
  216                 statclock(frame);
  217         }
  218 
  219 #ifdef DEVICE_POLLING
  220         hardclock_device_poll();        /* this is very short and quick */
  221 #endif /* DEVICE_POLLING */
  222 
  223         /*
  224          * Process callouts at a very low cpu priority, so we don't keep the
  225          * relatively high clock interrupt priority any longer than necessary.
  226          */
  227         mtx_lock_spin_flags(&callout_lock, MTX_QUIET);
  228         ticks++;
  229         if (TAILQ_FIRST(&callwheel[ticks & callwheelmask]) != NULL) {
  230                 need_softclock = 1;
  231         } else if (softticks + 1 == ticks)
  232                 ++softticks;
  233         mtx_unlock_spin_flags(&callout_lock, MTX_QUIET);
  234 
  235         /*
  236          * swi_sched acquires sched_lock, so we don't want to call it with
  237          * callout_lock held; incorrect locking order.
  238          */
  239         if (need_softclock)
  240                 swi_sched(softclock_ih, 0);
  241 
  242 #ifdef SW_WATCHDOG
  243         if (watchdog_enabled > 0 && --watchdog_ticks <= 0)
  244                 watchdog_fire();
  245 #endif /* SW_WATCHDOG */
  246 }
  247 
  248 /*
  249  * Compute number of ticks in the specified amount of time.
  250  */
  251 int
  252 tvtohz(tv)
  253         struct timeval *tv;
  254 {
  255         register unsigned long ticks;
  256         register long sec, usec;
  257 
  258         /*
  259          * If the number of usecs in the whole seconds part of the time
  260          * difference fits in a long, then the total number of usecs will
  261          * fit in an unsigned long.  Compute the total and convert it to
  262          * ticks, rounding up and adding 1 to allow for the current tick
  263          * to expire.  Rounding also depends on unsigned long arithmetic
  264          * to avoid overflow.
  265          *
  266          * Otherwise, if the number of ticks in the whole seconds part of
  267          * the time difference fits in a long, then convert the parts to
  268          * ticks separately and add, using similar rounding methods and
  269          * overflow avoidance.  This method would work in the previous
  270          * case but it is slightly slower and assumes that hz is integral.
  271          *
  272          * Otherwise, round the time difference down to the maximum
  273          * representable value.
  274          *
  275          * If ints have 32 bits, then the maximum value for any timeout in
  276          * 10ms ticks is 248 days.
  277          */
  278         sec = tv->tv_sec;
  279         usec = tv->tv_usec;
  280         if (usec < 0) {
  281                 sec--;
  282                 usec += 1000000;
  283         }
  284         if (sec < 0) {
  285 #ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
  286                 if (usec > 0) {
  287                         sec++;
  288                         usec -= 1000000;
  289                 }
  290                 printf("tvotohz: negative time difference %ld sec %ld usec\n",
  291                        sec, usec);
  292 #endif
  293                 ticks = 1;
  294         } else if (sec <= LONG_MAX / 1000000)
  295                 ticks = (sec * 1000000 + (unsigned long)usec + (tick - 1))
  296                         / tick + 1;
  297         else if (sec <= LONG_MAX / hz)
  298                 ticks = sec * hz
  299                         + ((unsigned long)usec + (tick - 1)) / tick + 1;
  300         else
  301                 ticks = LONG_MAX;
  302         if (ticks > INT_MAX)
  303                 ticks = INT_MAX;
  304         return ((int)ticks);
  305 }
  306 
  307 /*
  308  * Start profiling on a process.
  309  *
  310  * Kernel profiling passes proc0 which never exits and hence
  311  * keeps the profile clock running constantly.
  312  */
  313 void
  314 startprofclock(p)
  315         register struct proc *p;
  316 {
  317 
  318         /*
  319          * XXX; Right now sched_lock protects statclock(), but perhaps
  320          * it should be protected later on by a time_lock, which would
  321          * cover psdiv, etc. as well.
  322          */
  323         PROC_LOCK_ASSERT(p, MA_OWNED);
  324         if (p->p_flag & P_STOPPROF)
  325                 return;
  326         if ((p->p_flag & P_PROFIL) == 0) {
  327                 mtx_lock_spin(&sched_lock);
  328                 p->p_flag |= P_PROFIL;
  329                 if (++profprocs == 1)
  330                         cpu_startprofclock();
  331                 mtx_unlock_spin(&sched_lock);
  332         }
  333 }
  334 
  335 /*
  336  * Stop profiling on a process.
  337  */
  338 void
  339 stopprofclock(p)
  340         register struct proc *p;
  341 {
  342 
  343         PROC_LOCK_ASSERT(p, MA_OWNED);
  344         if (p->p_flag & P_PROFIL) {
  345                 if (p->p_profthreads != 0) {
  346                         p->p_flag |= P_STOPPROF;
  347                         while (p->p_profthreads != 0)
  348                                 msleep(&p->p_profthreads, &p->p_mtx, PPAUSE,
  349                                     "stopprof", 0);
  350                         p->p_flag &= ~P_STOPPROF;
  351                 }
  352                 if ((p->p_flag & P_PROFIL) == 0)
  353                         return;
  354                 mtx_lock_spin(&sched_lock);
  355                 p->p_flag &= ~P_PROFIL;
  356                 if (--profprocs == 0)
  357                         cpu_stopprofclock();
  358                 mtx_unlock_spin(&sched_lock);
  359         }
  360 }
  361 
  362 /*
  363  * Statistics clock.  Grab profile sample, and if divider reaches 0,
  364  * do process and kernel statistics.  Most of the statistics are only
  365  * used by user-level statistics programs.  The main exceptions are
  366  * ke->ke_uticks, p->p_sticks, p->p_iticks, and p->p_estcpu.
  367  * This should be called by all active processors.
  368  */
  369 void
  370 statclock(frame)
  371         register struct clockframe *frame;
  372 {
  373         struct rusage *ru;
  374         struct vmspace *vm;
  375         struct thread *td;
  376         struct proc *p;
  377         long rss;
  378 
  379         td = curthread;
  380         p = td->td_proc;
  381 
  382         mtx_lock_spin_flags(&sched_lock, MTX_QUIET);
  383         if (CLKF_USERMODE(frame)) {
  384                 /*
  385                  * Charge the time as appropriate.
  386                  */
  387                 if (p->p_flag & P_SA)
  388                         thread_statclock(1);
  389                 p->p_uticks++;
  390                 if (p->p_nice > NZERO)
  391                         cp_time[CP_NICE]++;
  392                 else
  393                         cp_time[CP_USER]++;
  394         } else {
  395                 /*
  396                  * Came from kernel mode, so we were:
  397                  * - handling an interrupt,
  398                  * - doing syscall or trap work on behalf of the current
  399                  *   user process, or
  400                  * - spinning in the idle loop.
  401                  * Whichever it is, charge the time as appropriate.
  402                  * Note that we charge interrupts to the current process,
  403                  * regardless of whether they are ``for'' that process,
  404                  * so that we know how much of its real time was spent
  405                  * in ``non-process'' (i.e., interrupt) work.
  406                  */
  407                 if ((td->td_ithd != NULL) || td->td_intr_nesting_level >= 2) {
  408                         p->p_iticks++;
  409                         cp_time[CP_INTR]++;
  410                 } else {
  411                         if (p->p_flag & P_SA)
  412                                 thread_statclock(0);
  413                         td->td_sticks++;
  414                         p->p_sticks++;
  415                         if (p != PCPU_GET(idlethread)->td_proc)
  416                                 cp_time[CP_SYS]++;
  417                         else
  418                                 cp_time[CP_IDLE]++;
  419                 }
  420         }
  421         CTR4(KTR_SCHED, "statclock: %p(%s) prio %d stathz %d",
  422             td, td->td_proc->p_comm, td->td_priority, (stathz)?stathz:hz);
  423 
  424         sched_clock(td);
  425 
  426         /* Update resource usage integrals and maximums. */
  427         MPASS(p->p_stats != NULL);
  428         MPASS(p->p_vmspace != NULL);
  429         vm = p->p_vmspace;
  430         ru = &p->p_stats->p_ru;
  431         ru->ru_ixrss += pgtok(vm->vm_tsize);
  432         ru->ru_idrss += pgtok(vm->vm_dsize);
  433         ru->ru_isrss += pgtok(vm->vm_ssize);
  434         rss = pgtok(vmspace_resident_count(vm));
  435         if (ru->ru_maxrss < rss)
  436                 ru->ru_maxrss = rss;
  437         mtx_unlock_spin_flags(&sched_lock, MTX_QUIET);
  438 }
  439 
  440 void
  441 profclock(frame)
  442         register struct clockframe *frame;
  443 {
  444         struct thread *td;
  445 #ifdef GPROF
  446         struct gmonparam *g;
  447         int i;
  448 #endif
  449 
  450         td = curthread;
  451         if (CLKF_USERMODE(frame)) {
  452                 /*
  453                  * Came from user mode; CPU was in user state.
  454                  * If this process is being profiled, record the tick.
  455                  * if there is no related user location yet, don't
  456                  * bother trying to count it.
  457                  */
  458                 if (td->td_proc->p_flag & P_PROFIL)
  459                         addupc_intr(td, CLKF_PC(frame), 1);
  460         }
  461 #ifdef GPROF
  462         else {
  463                 /*
  464                  * Kernel statistics are just like addupc_intr, only easier.
  465                  */
  466                 g = &_gmonparam;
  467                 if (g->state == GMON_PROF_ON) {
  468                         i = CLKF_PC(frame) - g->lowpc;
  469                         if (i < g->textsize) {
  470                                 i /= HISTFRACTION * sizeof(*g->kcount);
  471                                 g->kcount[i]++;
  472                         }
  473                 }
  474         }
  475 #endif
  476 }
  477 
  478 /*
  479  * Return information about system clocks.
  480  */
  481 static int
  482 sysctl_kern_clockrate(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
  483 {
  484         struct clockinfo clkinfo;
  485         /*
  486          * Construct clockinfo structure.
  487          */
  488         bzero(&clkinfo, sizeof(clkinfo));
  489         clkinfo.hz = hz;
  490         clkinfo.tick = tick;
  491         clkinfo.profhz = profhz;
  492         clkinfo.stathz = stathz ? stathz : hz;
  493         return (sysctl_handle_opaque(oidp, &clkinfo, sizeof clkinfo, req));
  494 }
  495 
  496 SYSCTL_PROC(_kern, KERN_CLOCKRATE, clockrate, CTLTYPE_STRUCT|CTLFLAG_RD,
  497         0, 0, sysctl_kern_clockrate, "S,clockinfo",
  498         "Rate and period of various kernel clocks");
  499 
  500 #ifdef SW_WATCHDOG
  501 
  502 static void
  503 watchdog_config(void *unused __unused, u_int cmd, int *err)
  504 {
  505         u_int u;
  506 
  507         u = cmd & WD_INTERVAL;
  508         if ((cmd & WD_ACTIVE) && u >= WD_TO_1SEC) {
  509                 watchdog_ticks = (1 << (u - WD_TO_1SEC)) * hz;
  510                 watchdog_enabled = 1;
  511                 *err = 0;
  512         } else {
  513                 watchdog_enabled = 0;
  514         }
  515 }
  516 
  517 /*
  518  * Handle a watchdog timeout by dumping interrupt information and
  519  * then either dropping to DDB or panicing.
  520  */
  521 static void
  522 watchdog_fire(void)
  523 {
  524         int nintr;
  525         u_int64_t inttotal;
  526         u_long *curintr;
  527         char *curname;
  528 
  529         curintr = intrcnt;
  530         curname = intrnames;
  531         inttotal = 0;
  532         nintr = eintrcnt - intrcnt;
  533         
  534         printf("interrupt                   total\n");
  535         while (--nintr >= 0) {
  536                 if (*curintr)
  537                         printf("%-12s %20lu\n", curname, *curintr);
  538                 curname += strlen(curname) + 1;
  539                 inttotal += *curintr++;
  540         }
  541         printf("Total        %20ju\n", (uintmax_t)inttotal);
  542 
  543 #ifdef KDB
  544         kdb_backtrace();
  545         kdb_enter("watchdog timeout");
  546 #else
  547         panic("watchdog timeout");
  548 #endif /* KDB */
  549 }
  550 
  551 #endif /* SW_WATCHDOG */

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