FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/kern/vfs_vnops.c

     /*-
      * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
      *
      * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993
      *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
      * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
      * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
      * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
      * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
     * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
     *
     * Copyright (c) 2012 Konstantin Belousov <kib@FreeBSD.org>
     * Copyright (c) 2013, 2014 The FreeBSD Foundation
     *
     * Portions of this software were developed by Konstantin Belousov
     * under sponsorship from the FreeBSD Foundation.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
     *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
     *    without specific prior written permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
     * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
     * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
     * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
     * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
     * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
     * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     * SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     *      @(#)vfs_vnops.c 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
     */
    
    #include <sys/cdefs.h>
    __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
    
    #include "opt_hwpmc_hooks.h"
    
    #include <sys/param.h>
    #include <sys/systm.h>
    #include <sys/disk.h>
    #include <sys/fail.h>
    #include <sys/fcntl.h>
    #include <sys/file.h>
    #include <sys/kdb.h>
    #include <sys/ktr.h>
    #include <sys/stat.h>
    #include <sys/priv.h>
    #include <sys/proc.h>
    #include <sys/limits.h>
    #include <sys/lock.h>
    #include <sys/mman.h>
    #include <sys/mount.h>
    #include <sys/mutex.h>
    #include <sys/namei.h>
    #include <sys/vnode.h>
    #include <sys/bio.h>
    #include <sys/buf.h>
    #include <sys/filio.h>
    #include <sys/resourcevar.h>
    #include <sys/rwlock.h>
    #include <sys/prng.h>
    #include <sys/sx.h>
    #include <sys/sleepqueue.h>
    #include <sys/sysctl.h>
    #include <sys/ttycom.h>
    #include <sys/conf.h>
    #include <sys/syslog.h>
    #include <sys/unistd.h>
    #include <sys/user.h>
    #include <sys/ktrace.h>
    
    #include <security/audit/audit.h>
    #include <security/mac/mac_framework.h>
    
    #include <vm/vm.h>
    #include <vm/vm_extern.h>
    #include <vm/pmap.h>
    #include <vm/vm_map.h>
    #include <vm/vm_object.h>
    #include <vm/vm_page.h>
    #include <vm/vm_pager.h>
    
    #ifdef HWPMC_HOOKS
    #include <sys/pmckern.h>
    #endif
    
    static fo_rdwr_t        vn_read;
   static fo_rdwr_t        vn_write;
   static fo_rdwr_t        vn_io_fault;
   static fo_truncate_t    vn_truncate;
   static fo_ioctl_t       vn_ioctl;
   static fo_poll_t        vn_poll;
   static fo_kqfilter_t    vn_kqfilter;
   static fo_close_t       vn_closefile;
   static fo_mmap_t        vn_mmap;
   static fo_fallocate_t   vn_fallocate;
   
   struct  fileops vnops = {
           .fo_read = vn_io_fault,
           .fo_write = vn_io_fault,
           .fo_truncate = vn_truncate,
           .fo_ioctl = vn_ioctl,
           .fo_poll = vn_poll,
           .fo_kqfilter = vn_kqfilter,
           .fo_stat = vn_statfile,
           .fo_close = vn_closefile,
           .fo_chmod = vn_chmod,
           .fo_chown = vn_chown,
           .fo_sendfile = vn_sendfile,
           .fo_seek = vn_seek,
           .fo_fill_kinfo = vn_fill_kinfo,
           .fo_mmap = vn_mmap,
           .fo_fallocate = vn_fallocate,
           .fo_flags = DFLAG_PASSABLE | DFLAG_SEEKABLE
   };
   
   const u_int io_hold_cnt = 16;
   static int vn_io_fault_enable = 1;
   SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, vn_io_fault_enable, CTLFLAG_RWTUN,
       &vn_io_fault_enable, 0, "Enable vn_io_fault lock avoidance");
   static int vn_io_fault_prefault = 0;
   SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, vn_io_fault_prefault, CTLFLAG_RWTUN,
       &vn_io_fault_prefault, 0, "Enable vn_io_fault prefaulting");
   static int vn_io_pgcache_read_enable = 1;
   SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, vn_io_pgcache_read_enable, CTLFLAG_RWTUN,
       &vn_io_pgcache_read_enable, 0,
       "Enable copying from page cache for reads, avoiding fs");
   static u_long vn_io_faults_cnt;
   SYSCTL_ULONG(_debug, OID_AUTO, vn_io_faults, CTLFLAG_RD,
       &vn_io_faults_cnt, 0, "Count of vn_io_fault lock avoidance triggers");
   
   static int vfs_allow_read_dir = 0;
   SYSCTL_INT(_security_bsd, OID_AUTO, allow_read_dir, CTLFLAG_RW,
       &vfs_allow_read_dir, 0,
       "Enable read(2) of directory by root for filesystems that support it");
   
   /*
    * Returns true if vn_io_fault mode of handling the i/o request should
    * be used.
    */
   static bool
   do_vn_io_fault(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio)
   {
           struct mount *mp;
   
           return (uio->uio_segflg == UIO_USERSPACE && vp->v_type == VREG &&
               (mp = vp->v_mount) != NULL &&
               (mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_NO_IOPF) != 0 && vn_io_fault_enable);
   }
   
   /*
    * Structure used to pass arguments to vn_io_fault1(), to do either
    * file- or vnode-based I/O calls.
    */
   struct vn_io_fault_args {
           enum {
                   VN_IO_FAULT_FOP,
                   VN_IO_FAULT_VOP
           } kind;
           struct ucred *cred;
           int flags;
           union {
                   struct fop_args_tag {
                           struct file *fp;
                           fo_rdwr_t *doio;
                   } fop_args;
                   struct vop_args_tag {
                           struct vnode *vp;
                   } vop_args;
           } args;
   };
   
   static int vn_io_fault1(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio,
       struct vn_io_fault_args *args, struct thread *td);
   
   int
   vn_open(struct nameidata *ndp, int *flagp, int cmode, struct file *fp)
   {
           struct thread *td = ndp->ni_cnd.cn_thread;
   
           return (vn_open_cred(ndp, flagp, cmode, 0, td->td_ucred, fp));
   }
   
   static uint64_t
   open2nameif(int fmode, u_int vn_open_flags)
   {
           uint64_t res;
   
           res = ISOPEN | LOCKLEAF;
           if ((fmode & O_RESOLVE_BENEATH) != 0)
                   res |= RBENEATH;
           if ((fmode & O_EMPTY_PATH) != 0)
                   res |= EMPTYPATH;
           if ((vn_open_flags & VN_OPEN_NOAUDIT) == 0)
                   res |= AUDITVNODE1;
           if ((vn_open_flags & VN_OPEN_NOCAPCHECK) != 0)
                   res |= NOCAPCHECK;
           if ((vn_open_flags & VN_OPEN_WANTIOCTLCAPS) != 0)
                   res |= WANTIOCTLCAPS;
           return (res);
   }
   
   /*
    * Common code for vnode open operations via a name lookup.
    * Lookup the vnode and invoke VOP_CREATE if needed.
    * Check permissions, and call the VOP_OPEN or VOP_CREATE routine.
    *
    * Note that this does NOT free nameidata for the successful case,
    * due to the NDINIT being done elsewhere.
    */
   int
   vn_open_cred(struct nameidata *ndp, int *flagp, int cmode, u_int vn_open_flags,
       struct ucred *cred, struct file *fp)
   {
           struct vnode *vp;
           struct mount *mp;
           struct thread *td = ndp->ni_cnd.cn_thread;
           struct vattr vat;
           struct vattr *vap = &vat;
           int fmode, error;
           bool first_open;
   
   restart:
           first_open = false;
           fmode = *flagp;
           if ((fmode & (O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_DIRECTORY)) == (O_CREAT |
               O_EXCL | O_DIRECTORY) ||
               (fmode & (O_CREAT | O_EMPTY_PATH)) == (O_CREAT | O_EMPTY_PATH))
                   return (EINVAL);
           else if ((fmode & (O_CREAT | O_DIRECTORY)) == O_CREAT) {
                   ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameiop = CREATE;
                   ndp->ni_cnd.cn_flags = open2nameif(fmode, vn_open_flags);
                   /*
                    * Set NOCACHE to avoid flushing the cache when
                    * rolling in many files at once.
                    *
                    * Set NC_KEEPPOSENTRY to keep positive entries if they already
                    * exist despite NOCACHE.
                    */
                   ndp->ni_cnd.cn_flags |= LOCKPARENT | NOCACHE | NC_KEEPPOSENTRY;
                   if ((fmode & O_EXCL) == 0 && (fmode & O_NOFOLLOW) == 0)
                           ndp->ni_cnd.cn_flags |= FOLLOW;
                   if ((vn_open_flags & VN_OPEN_INVFS) == 0)
                           bwillwrite();
                   if ((error = namei(ndp)) != 0)
                           return (error);
                   if (ndp->ni_vp == NULL) {
                           VATTR_NULL(vap);
                           vap->va_type = VREG;
                           vap->va_mode = cmode;
                           if (fmode & O_EXCL)
                                   vap->va_vaflags |= VA_EXCLUSIVE;
                           if (vn_start_write(ndp->ni_dvp, &mp, V_NOWAIT) != 0) {
                                   NDFREE(ndp, NDF_ONLY_PNBUF);
                                   vput(ndp->ni_dvp);
                                   if ((error = vn_start_write(NULL, &mp,
                                       V_XSLEEP | PCATCH)) != 0)
                                           return (error);
                                   NDREINIT(ndp);
                                   goto restart;
                           }
                           if ((vn_open_flags & VN_OPEN_NAMECACHE) != 0)
                                   ndp->ni_cnd.cn_flags |= MAKEENTRY;
   #ifdef MAC
                           error = mac_vnode_check_create(cred, ndp->ni_dvp,
                               &ndp->ni_cnd, vap);
                           if (error == 0)
   #endif
                                   error = VOP_CREATE(ndp->ni_dvp, &ndp->ni_vp,
                                       &ndp->ni_cnd, vap);
                           vp = ndp->ni_vp;
                           if (error == 0 && (fmode & O_EXCL) != 0 &&
                               (fmode & (O_EXLOCK | O_SHLOCK)) != 0) {
                                   VI_LOCK(vp);
                                   vp->v_iflag |= VI_FOPENING;
                                   VI_UNLOCK(vp);
                                   first_open = true;
                           }
                           VOP_VPUT_PAIR(ndp->ni_dvp, error == 0 ? &vp : NULL,
                               false);
                           vn_finished_write(mp);
                           if (error) {
                                   NDFREE(ndp, NDF_ONLY_PNBUF);
                                   if (error == ERELOOKUP) {
                                           NDREINIT(ndp);
                                           goto restart;
                                   }
                                   return (error);
                           }
                           fmode &= ~O_TRUNC;
                   } else {
                           if (ndp->ni_dvp == ndp->ni_vp)
                                   vrele(ndp->ni_dvp);
                           else
                                   vput(ndp->ni_dvp);
                           ndp->ni_dvp = NULL;
                           vp = ndp->ni_vp;
                           if (fmode & O_EXCL) {
                                   error = EEXIST;
                                   goto bad;
                           }
                           if (vp->v_type == VDIR) {
                                   error = EISDIR;
                                   goto bad;
                           }
                           fmode &= ~O_CREAT;
                   }
           } else {
                   ndp->ni_cnd.cn_nameiop = LOOKUP;
                   ndp->ni_cnd.cn_flags = open2nameif(fmode, vn_open_flags);
                   ndp->ni_cnd.cn_flags |= (fmode & O_NOFOLLOW) != 0 ? NOFOLLOW :
                       FOLLOW;
                   if ((fmode & FWRITE) == 0)
                           ndp->ni_cnd.cn_flags |= LOCKSHARED;
                   if ((error = namei(ndp)) != 0)
                           return (error);
                   vp = ndp->ni_vp;
           }
           error = vn_open_vnode(vp, fmode, cred, td, fp);
           if (first_open) {
                   VI_LOCK(vp);
                   vp->v_iflag &= ~VI_FOPENING;
                   wakeup(vp);
                   VI_UNLOCK(vp);
           }
           if (error)
                   goto bad;
           *flagp = fmode;
           return (0);
   bad:
           NDFREE(ndp, NDF_ONLY_PNBUF);
           vput(vp);
           *flagp = fmode;
           ndp->ni_vp = NULL;
           return (error);
   }
   
   static int
   vn_open_vnode_advlock(struct vnode *vp, int fmode, struct file *fp)
   {
           struct flock lf;
           int error, lock_flags, type;
   
           ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "vn_open_vnode_advlock");
           if ((fmode & (O_EXLOCK | O_SHLOCK)) == 0)
                   return (0);
           KASSERT(fp != NULL, ("open with flock requires fp"));
           if (fp->f_type != DTYPE_NONE && fp->f_type != DTYPE_VNODE)
                   return (EOPNOTSUPP);
   
           lock_flags = VOP_ISLOCKED(vp);
           VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
   
           lf.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
           lf.l_start = 0;
           lf.l_len = 0;
           lf.l_type = (fmode & O_EXLOCK) != 0 ? F_WRLCK : F_RDLCK;
           type = F_FLOCK;
           if ((fmode & FNONBLOCK) == 0)
                   type |= F_WAIT;
           if ((fmode & (O_CREAT | O_EXCL)) == (O_CREAT | O_EXCL))
                   type |= F_FIRSTOPEN;
           error = VOP_ADVLOCK(vp, (caddr_t)fp, F_SETLK, &lf, type);
           if (error == 0)
                   fp->f_flag |= FHASLOCK;
   
           vn_lock(vp, lock_flags | LK_RETRY);
           return (error);
   }
   
   /*
    * Common code for vnode open operations once a vnode is located.
    * Check permissions, and call the VOP_OPEN routine.
    */
   int
   vn_open_vnode(struct vnode *vp, int fmode, struct ucred *cred,
       struct thread *td, struct file *fp)
   {
           accmode_t accmode;
           int error;
   
           if (vp->v_type == VLNK) {
                   if ((fmode & O_PATH) == 0 || (fmode & FEXEC) != 0)
                           return (EMLINK);
           }
           if (vp->v_type != VDIR && fmode & O_DIRECTORY)
                   return (ENOTDIR);
   
           accmode = 0;
           if ((fmode & O_PATH) == 0) {
                   if (vp->v_type == VSOCK)
                           return (EOPNOTSUPP);
                   if ((fmode & (FWRITE | O_TRUNC)) != 0) {
                           if (vp->v_type == VDIR)
                                   return (EISDIR);
                           accmode |= VWRITE;
                   }
                   if ((fmode & FREAD) != 0)
                           accmode |= VREAD;
                   if ((fmode & O_APPEND) && (fmode & FWRITE))
                           accmode |= VAPPEND;
   #ifdef MAC
                   if ((fmode & O_CREAT) != 0)
                           accmode |= VCREAT;
   #endif
           }
           if ((fmode & FEXEC) != 0)
                   accmode |= VEXEC;
   #ifdef MAC
           if ((fmode & O_VERIFY) != 0)
                   accmode |= VVERIFY;
           error = mac_vnode_check_open(cred, vp, accmode);
           if (error != 0)
                   return (error);
   
           accmode &= ~(VCREAT | VVERIFY);
   #endif
           if ((fmode & O_CREAT) == 0 && accmode != 0) {
                   error = VOP_ACCESS(vp, accmode, cred, td);
                   if (error != 0)
                           return (error);
           }
           if ((fmode & O_PATH) != 0) {
                   if (vp->v_type != VFIFO && vp->v_type != VSOCK &&
                       VOP_ACCESS(vp, VREAD, cred, td) == 0)
                           fp->f_flag |= FKQALLOWED;
                   return (0);
           }
   
           if (vp->v_type == VFIFO && VOP_ISLOCKED(vp) != LK_EXCLUSIVE)
                   vn_lock(vp, LK_UPGRADE | LK_RETRY);
           error = VOP_OPEN(vp, fmode, cred, td, fp);
           if (error != 0)
                   return (error);
   
           error = vn_open_vnode_advlock(vp, fmode, fp);
           if (error == 0 && (fmode & FWRITE) != 0) {
                   error = VOP_ADD_WRITECOUNT(vp, 1);
                   if (error == 0) {
                           CTR3(KTR_VFS, "%s: vp %p v_writecount increased to %d",
                                __func__, vp, vp->v_writecount);
                   }
           }
   
           /*
            * Error from advlock or VOP_ADD_WRITECOUNT() still requires
            * calling VOP_CLOSE() to pair with earlier VOP_OPEN().
            */
           if (error != 0) {
                   if (fp != NULL) {
                           /*
                            * Arrange the call by having fdrop() to use
                            * vn_closefile().  This is to satisfy
                            * filesystems like devfs or tmpfs, which
                            * override fo_close().
                            */
                           fp->f_flag |= FOPENFAILED;
                           fp->f_vnode = vp;
                           if (fp->f_ops == &badfileops) {
                                   fp->f_type = DTYPE_VNODE;
                                   fp->f_ops = &vnops;
                           }
                           vref(vp);
                   } else {
                           /*
                            * If there is no fp, due to kernel-mode open,
                            * we can call VOP_CLOSE() now.
                            */
                           if (vp->v_type != VFIFO && (fmode & FWRITE) != 0 &&
                               !MNT_EXTENDED_SHARED(vp->v_mount) &&
                               VOP_ISLOCKED(vp) != LK_EXCLUSIVE)
                                   vn_lock(vp, LK_UPGRADE | LK_RETRY);
                           (void)VOP_CLOSE(vp, fmode & (FREAD | FWRITE | FEXEC),
                               cred, td);
                   }
           }
   
           ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "vn_open_vnode");
           return (error);
   
   }
   
   /*
    * Check for write permissions on the specified vnode.
    * Prototype text segments cannot be written.
    * It is racy.
    */
   int
   vn_writechk(struct vnode *vp)
   {
   
           ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "vn_writechk");
           /*
            * If there's shared text associated with
            * the vnode, try to free it up once.  If
            * we fail, we can't allow writing.
            */
           if (VOP_IS_TEXT(vp))
                   return (ETXTBSY);
   
           return (0);
   }
   
   /*
    * Vnode close call
    */
   static int
   vn_close1(struct vnode *vp, int flags, struct ucred *file_cred,
       struct thread *td, bool keep_ref)
   {
           struct mount *mp;
           int error, lock_flags;
   
           if (vp->v_type != VFIFO && (flags & FWRITE) == 0 &&
               MNT_EXTENDED_SHARED(vp->v_mount))
                   lock_flags = LK_SHARED;
           else
                   lock_flags = LK_EXCLUSIVE;
   
           vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT);
           vn_lock(vp, lock_flags | LK_RETRY);
           AUDIT_ARG_VNODE1(vp);
           if ((flags & (FWRITE | FOPENFAILED)) == FWRITE) {
                   VOP_ADD_WRITECOUNT_CHECKED(vp, -1);
                   CTR3(KTR_VFS, "%s: vp %p v_writecount decreased to %d",
                       __func__, vp, vp->v_writecount);
           }
           error = VOP_CLOSE(vp, flags, file_cred, td);
           if (keep_ref)
                   VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
           else
                   vput(vp);
           vn_finished_write(mp);
           return (error);
   }
   
   int
   vn_close(struct vnode *vp, int flags, struct ucred *file_cred,
       struct thread *td)
   {
   
           return (vn_close1(vp, flags, file_cred, td, false));
   }
   
   /*
    * Heuristic to detect sequential operation.
    */
   static int
   sequential_heuristic(struct uio *uio, struct file *fp)
   {
           enum uio_rw rw;
   
           ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(fp->f_vnode, __func__);
   
           rw = uio->uio_rw;
           if (fp->f_flag & FRDAHEAD)
                   return (fp->f_seqcount[rw] << IO_SEQSHIFT);
   
           /*
            * Offset 0 is handled specially.  open() sets f_seqcount to 1 so
            * that the first I/O is normally considered to be slightly
            * sequential.  Seeking to offset 0 doesn't change sequentiality
            * unless previous seeks have reduced f_seqcount to 0, in which
            * case offset 0 is not special.
            */
           if ((uio->uio_offset == 0 && fp->f_seqcount[rw] > 0) ||
               uio->uio_offset == fp->f_nextoff[rw]) {
                   /*
                    * f_seqcount is in units of fixed-size blocks so that it
                    * depends mainly on the amount of sequential I/O and not
                    * much on the number of sequential I/O's.  The fixed size
                    * of 16384 is hard-coded here since it is (not quite) just
                    * a magic size that works well here.  This size is more
                    * closely related to the best I/O size for real disks than
                    * to any block size used by software.
                    */
                   if (uio->uio_resid >= IO_SEQMAX * 16384)
                           fp->f_seqcount[rw] = IO_SEQMAX;
                   else {
                           fp->f_seqcount[rw] += howmany(uio->uio_resid, 16384);
                           if (fp->f_seqcount[rw] > IO_SEQMAX)
                                   fp->f_seqcount[rw] = IO_SEQMAX;
                   }
                   return (fp->f_seqcount[rw] << IO_SEQSHIFT);
           }
   
           /* Not sequential.  Quickly draw-down sequentiality. */
           if (fp->f_seqcount[rw] > 1)
                   fp->f_seqcount[rw] = 1;
           else
                   fp->f_seqcount[rw] = 0;
           return (0);
   }
   
   /*
    * Package up an I/O request on a vnode into a uio and do it.
    */
   int
   vn_rdwr(enum uio_rw rw, struct vnode *vp, void *base, int len, off_t offset,
       enum uio_seg segflg, int ioflg, struct ucred *active_cred,
       struct ucred *file_cred, ssize_t *aresid, struct thread *td)
   {
           struct uio auio;
           struct iovec aiov;
           struct mount *mp;
           struct ucred *cred;
           void *rl_cookie;
           struct vn_io_fault_args args;
           int error, lock_flags;
   
           if (offset < 0 && vp->v_type != VCHR)
                   return (EINVAL);
           auio.uio_iov = &aiov;
           auio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
           aiov.iov_base = base;
           aiov.iov_len = len;
           auio.uio_resid = len;
           auio.uio_offset = offset;
           auio.uio_segflg = segflg;
           auio.uio_rw = rw;
           auio.uio_td = td;
           error = 0;
   
           if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0) {
                   if ((ioflg & IO_RANGELOCKED) == 0) {
                           if (rw == UIO_READ) {
                                   rl_cookie = vn_rangelock_rlock(vp, offset,
                                       offset + len);
                           } else if ((ioflg & IO_APPEND) != 0) {
                                   rl_cookie = vn_rangelock_wlock(vp, 0, OFF_MAX);
                           } else {
                                   rl_cookie = vn_rangelock_wlock(vp, offset,
                                       offset + len);
                           }
                   } else
                           rl_cookie = NULL;
                   mp = NULL;
                   if (rw == UIO_WRITE) { 
                           if (vp->v_type != VCHR &&
                               (error = vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT | PCATCH))
                               != 0)
                                   goto out;
                           lock_flags = vn_lktype_write(mp, vp);
                   } else
                           lock_flags = LK_SHARED;
                   vn_lock(vp, lock_flags | LK_RETRY);
           } else
                   rl_cookie = NULL;
   
           ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "IO_NODELOCKED with no vp lock held");
   #ifdef MAC
           if ((ioflg & IO_NOMACCHECK) == 0) {
                   if (rw == UIO_READ)
                           error = mac_vnode_check_read(active_cred, file_cred,
                               vp);
                   else
                           error = mac_vnode_check_write(active_cred, file_cred,
                               vp);
           }
   #endif
           if (error == 0) {
                   if (file_cred != NULL)
                           cred = file_cred;
                   else
                           cred = active_cred;
                   if (do_vn_io_fault(vp, &auio)) {
                           args.kind = VN_IO_FAULT_VOP;
                           args.cred = cred;
                           args.flags = ioflg;
                           args.args.vop_args.vp = vp;
                           error = vn_io_fault1(vp, &auio, &args, td);
                   } else if (rw == UIO_READ) {
                           error = VOP_READ(vp, &auio, ioflg, cred);
                   } else /* if (rw == UIO_WRITE) */ {
                           error = VOP_WRITE(vp, &auio, ioflg, cred);
                   }
           }
           if (aresid)
                   *aresid = auio.uio_resid;
           else
                   if (auio.uio_resid && error == 0)
                           error = EIO;
           if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0) {
                   VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                   if (mp != NULL)
                           vn_finished_write(mp);
           }
    out:
           if (rl_cookie != NULL)
                   vn_rangelock_unlock(vp, rl_cookie);
           return (error);
   }
   
   /*
    * Package up an I/O request on a vnode into a uio and do it.  The I/O
    * request is split up into smaller chunks and we try to avoid saturating
    * the buffer cache while potentially holding a vnode locked, so we 
    * check bwillwrite() before calling vn_rdwr().  We also call kern_yield()
    * to give other processes a chance to lock the vnode (either other processes
    * core'ing the same binary, or unrelated processes scanning the directory).
    */
   int
   vn_rdwr_inchunks(enum uio_rw rw, struct vnode *vp, void *base, size_t len,
       off_t offset, enum uio_seg segflg, int ioflg, struct ucred *active_cred,
       struct ucred *file_cred, size_t *aresid, struct thread *td)
   {
           int error = 0;
           ssize_t iaresid;
   
           do {
                   int chunk;
   
                   /*
                    * Force `offset' to a multiple of MAXBSIZE except possibly
                    * for the first chunk, so that filesystems only need to
                    * write full blocks except possibly for the first and last
                    * chunks.
                    */
                   chunk = MAXBSIZE - (uoff_t)offset % MAXBSIZE;
   
                   if (chunk > len)
                           chunk = len;
                   if (rw != UIO_READ && vp->v_type == VREG)
                           bwillwrite();
                   iaresid = 0;
                   error = vn_rdwr(rw, vp, base, chunk, offset, segflg,
                       ioflg, active_cred, file_cred, &iaresid, td);
                   len -= chunk;   /* aresid calc already includes length */
                   if (error)
                           break;
                   offset += chunk;
                   base = (char *)base + chunk;
                   kern_yield(PRI_USER);
           } while (len);
           if (aresid)
                   *aresid = len + iaresid;
           return (error);
   }
   
   #if OFF_MAX <= LONG_MAX
   off_t
   foffset_lock(struct file *fp, int flags)
   {
           volatile short *flagsp;
           off_t res;
           short state;
   
           KASSERT((flags & FOF_OFFSET) == 0, ("FOF_OFFSET passed"));
   
           if ((flags & FOF_NOLOCK) != 0)
                   return (atomic_load_long(&fp->f_offset));
   
           /*
            * According to McKusick the vn lock was protecting f_offset here.
            * It is now protected by the FOFFSET_LOCKED flag.
            */
           flagsp = &fp->f_vnread_flags;
           if (atomic_cmpset_acq_16(flagsp, 0, FOFFSET_LOCKED))
                   return (atomic_load_long(&fp->f_offset));
   
           sleepq_lock(&fp->f_vnread_flags);
           state = atomic_load_16(flagsp);
           for (;;) {
                   if ((state & FOFFSET_LOCKED) == 0) {
                           if (!atomic_fcmpset_acq_16(flagsp, &state,
                               FOFFSET_LOCKED))
                                   continue;
                           break;
                   }
                   if ((state & FOFFSET_LOCK_WAITING) == 0) {
                           if (!atomic_fcmpset_acq_16(flagsp, &state,
                               state | FOFFSET_LOCK_WAITING))
                                   continue;
                   }
                   DROP_GIANT();
                   sleepq_add(&fp->f_vnread_flags, NULL, "vofflock", 0, 0);
                   sleepq_wait(&fp->f_vnread_flags, PUSER -1);
                   PICKUP_GIANT();
                   sleepq_lock(&fp->f_vnread_flags);
                   state = atomic_load_16(flagsp);
           }
           res = atomic_load_long(&fp->f_offset);
           sleepq_release(&fp->f_vnread_flags);
           return (res);
   }
   
   void
   foffset_unlock(struct file *fp, off_t val, int flags)
   {
           volatile short *flagsp;
           short state;
   
           KASSERT((flags & FOF_OFFSET) == 0, ("FOF_OFFSET passed"));
   
           if ((flags & FOF_NOUPDATE) == 0)
                   atomic_store_long(&fp->f_offset, val);
           if ((flags & FOF_NEXTOFF_R) != 0)
                   fp->f_nextoff[UIO_READ] = val;
           if ((flags & FOF_NEXTOFF_W) != 0)
                   fp->f_nextoff[UIO_WRITE] = val;
   
           if ((flags & FOF_NOLOCK) != 0)
                   return;
   
           flagsp = &fp->f_vnread_flags;
           state = atomic_load_16(flagsp);
           if ((state & FOFFSET_LOCK_WAITING) == 0 &&
               atomic_cmpset_rel_16(flagsp, state, 0))
                   return;
   
           sleepq_lock(&fp->f_vnread_flags);
           MPASS((fp->f_vnread_flags & FOFFSET_LOCKED) != 0);
           MPASS((fp->f_vnread_flags & FOFFSET_LOCK_WAITING) != 0);
           fp->f_vnread_flags = 0;
           sleepq_broadcast(&fp->f_vnread_flags, SLEEPQ_SLEEP, 0, 0);
           sleepq_release(&fp->f_vnread_flags);
   }
   #else
   off_t
   foffset_lock(struct file *fp, int flags)
   {
           struct mtx *mtxp;
           off_t res;
   
           KASSERT((flags & FOF_OFFSET) == 0, ("FOF_OFFSET passed"));
   
           mtxp = mtx_pool_find(mtxpool_sleep, fp);
           mtx_lock(mtxp);
           if ((flags & FOF_NOLOCK) == 0) {
                   while (fp->f_vnread_flags & FOFFSET_LOCKED) {
                           fp->f_vnread_flags |= FOFFSET_LOCK_WAITING;
                           msleep(&fp->f_vnread_flags, mtxp, PUSER -1,
                               "vofflock", 0);
                   }
                   fp->f_vnread_flags |= FOFFSET_LOCKED;
           }
           res = fp->f_offset;
           mtx_unlock(mtxp);
           return (res);
   }
   
   void
   foffset_unlock(struct file *fp, off_t val, int flags)
   {
           struct mtx *mtxp;
   
           KASSERT((flags & FOF_OFFSET) == 0, ("FOF_OFFSET passed"));
   
           mtxp = mtx_pool_find(mtxpool_sleep, fp);
           mtx_lock(mtxp);
           if ((flags & FOF_NOUPDATE) == 0)
                   fp->f_offset = val;
           if ((flags & FOF_NEXTOFF_R) != 0)
                   fp->f_nextoff[UIO_READ] = val;
           if ((flags & FOF_NEXTOFF_W) != 0)
                   fp->f_nextoff[UIO_WRITE] = val;
           if ((flags & FOF_NOLOCK) == 0) {
                   KASSERT((fp->f_vnread_flags & FOFFSET_LOCKED) != 0,
                       ("Lost FOFFSET_LOCKED"));
                   if (fp->f_vnread_flags & FOFFSET_LOCK_WAITING)
                           wakeup(&fp->f_vnread_flags);
                   fp->f_vnread_flags = 0;
           }
           mtx_unlock(mtxp);
   }
   #endif
   
   void
   foffset_lock_uio(struct file *fp, struct uio *uio, int flags)
   {
   
           if ((flags & FOF_OFFSET) == 0)
                   uio->uio_offset = foffset_lock(fp, flags);
   }
   
   void
   foffset_unlock_uio(struct file *fp, struct uio *uio, int flags)
   {
   
           if ((flags & FOF_OFFSET) == 0)
                   foffset_unlock(fp, uio->uio_offset, flags);
   }
   
   static int
   get_advice(struct file *fp, struct uio *uio)
   {
           struct mtx *mtxp;
           int ret;
   
           ret = POSIX_FADV_NORMAL;
           if (fp->f_advice == NULL || fp->f_vnode->v_type != VREG)
                   return (ret);
   
           mtxp = mtx_pool_find(mtxpool_sleep, fp);
           mtx_lock(mtxp);
           if (fp->f_advice != NULL &&
               uio->uio_offset >= fp->f_advice->fa_start &&
               uio->uio_offset + uio->uio_resid <= fp->f_advice->fa_end)
                   ret = fp->f_advice->fa_advice;
           mtx_unlock(mtxp);
           return (ret);
   }
   
   static int
   get_write_ioflag(struct file *fp)
   {
           int ioflag;
           struct mount *mp;
           struct vnode *vp;
   
           ioflag = 0;
           vp = fp->f_vnode;
           mp = atomic_load_ptr(&vp->v_mount);
   
           if ((fp->f_flag & O_DIRECT) != 0)
                   ioflag |= IO_DIRECT;
   
           if ((fp->f_flag & O_FSYNC) != 0 ||
               (mp != NULL && (mp->mnt_flag & MNT_SYNCHRONOUS) != 0))
                   ioflag |= IO_SYNC;
   
           /*
            * For O_DSYNC we set both IO_SYNC and IO_DATASYNC, so that VOP_WRITE()
            * or VOP_DEALLOCATE() implementations that don't understand IO_DATASYNC
            * fall back to full O_SYNC behavior.
            */
           if ((fp->f_flag & O_DSYNC) != 0)
                   ioflag |= IO_SYNC | IO_DATASYNC;
   
           return (ioflag);
   }
   
   int
   vn_read_from_obj(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio)
   {
           vm_object_t obj;
           vm_page_t ma[io_hold_cnt + 2];
           off_t off, vsz;
           ssize_t resid;
           int error, i, j;
   
           MPASS(uio->uio_resid <= ptoa(io_hold_cnt + 2));
           obj = atomic_load_ptr(&vp->v_object);
           if (obj == NULL)
                   return (EJUSTRETURN);
   
           /*
            * Depends on type stability of vm_objects.
            */
           vm_object_pip_add(obj, 1);
           if ((obj->flags & OBJ_DEAD) != 0) {
                   /*
                    * Note that object might be already reused from the
                    * vnode, and the OBJ_DEAD flag cleared.  This is fine,
                    * we recheck for DOOMED vnode state after all pages
                    * are busied, and retract then.
                    *
                    * But we check for OBJ_DEAD to ensure that we do not
                    * busy pages while vm_object_terminate_pages()
                    * processes the queue.
                    */
                   error = EJUSTRETURN;
                   goto out_pip;
           }
   
           resid = uio->uio_resid;
           off = uio->uio_offset;
           for (i = 0; resid > 0; i++) {
                   MPASS(i < io_hold_cnt + 2);
                   ma[i] = vm_page_grab_unlocked(obj, atop(off),
                       VM_ALLOC_NOCREAT | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY | VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY |
                       VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT);
                   if (ma[i] == NULL)
                           break;
   
                   /*
                    * Skip invalid pages.  Valid mask can be partial only
                    * at EOF, and we clip later.
                    */
                   if (vm_page_none_valid(ma[i])) {
                           vm_page_sunbusy(ma[i]);
                           break;
                   }
   
                   resid -= PAGE_SIZE;
                   off += PAGE_SIZE;
           }
          if (i == 0) {
                  error = EJUSTRETURN;
                  goto out_pip;
          }
  
          /*
           * Check VIRF_DOOMED after we busied our pages.  Since
           * vgonel() terminates the vnode' vm_object, it cannot
           * process past pages busied by us.
           */
          if (VN_IS_DOOMED(vp)) {
                  error = EJUSTRETURN;
                  goto out;
          }
  
          resid = PAGE_SIZE - (uio->uio_offset & PAGE_MASK) + ptoa(i - 1);
          if (resid > uio->uio_resid)
                  resid = uio->uio_resid;
  
          /*
           * Unlocked read of vnp_size is safe because truncation cannot
           * pass busied page.  But we load vnp_size into a local
           * variable so that possible concurrent extension does not
           * break calculation.
           */
  #if defined(__powerpc__) && !defined(__powerpc64__)
          vsz = obj->un_pager.vnp.vnp_size;
  #else
          vsz = atomic_load_64(&obj->un_pager.vnp.vnp_size);
  #endif
          if (uio->uio_offset >= vsz) {
                  error = EJUSTRETURN;
                  goto out;
          }
          if (uio->uio_offset + resid > vsz)
                  resid = vsz - uio->uio_offset;
  
          error = vn_io_fault_pgmove(ma, uio->uio_offset & PAGE_MASK, resid, uio);
  
  out:
          for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                  if (error == 0)
                          vm_page_reference(ma[j]);
                  vm_page_sunbusy(ma[j]);
          }
  out_pip:
          vm_object_pip_wakeup(obj);
          if (error != 0)
                  return (error);
          return (uio->uio_resid == 0 ? 0 : EJUSTRETURN);
  }
  
  /*
   * File table vnode read routine.
   */
  static int
  vn_read(struct file *fp, struct uio *uio, struct ucred *active_cred, int flags,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vnode *vp;
          off_t orig_offset;
          int error, ioflag;
          int advice;
  
          KASSERT(uio->uio_td == td, ("uio_td %p is not td %p",
              uio->uio_td, td));
          KASSERT(flags & FOF_OFFSET, ("No FOF_OFFSET"));
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
          ioflag = 0;
          if (fp->f_flag & FNONBLOCK)
                  ioflag |= IO_NDELAY;
          if (fp->f_flag & O_DIRECT)
                  ioflag |= IO_DIRECT;
  
          /*
           * Try to read from page cache.  VIRF_DOOMED check is racy but
           * allows us to avoid unneeded work outright.
           */
          if (vn_io_pgcache_read_enable && !mac_vnode_check_read_enabled() &&
              (vn_irflag_read(vp) & (VIRF_DOOMED | VIRF_PGREAD)) == VIRF_PGREAD) {
                  error = VOP_READ_PGCACHE(vp, uio, ioflag, fp->f_cred);
                  if (error == 0) {
                          fp->f_nextoff[UIO_READ] = uio->uio_offset;
                          return (0);
                  }
                  if (error != EJUSTRETURN)
                          return (error);
          }
  
          advice = get_advice(fp, uio);
          vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
  
          switch (advice) {
          case POSIX_FADV_NORMAL:
          case POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL:
          case POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE:
                  ioflag |= sequential_heuristic(uio, fp);
                  break;
          case POSIX_FADV_RANDOM:
                  /* Disable read-ahead for random I/O. */
                  break;
          }
          orig_offset = uio->uio_offset;
  
  #ifdef MAC
          error = mac_vnode_check_read(active_cred, fp->f_cred, vp);
          if (error == 0)
  #endif
                  error = VOP_READ(vp, uio, ioflag, fp->f_cred);
          fp->f_nextoff[UIO_READ] = uio->uio_offset;
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          if (error == 0 && advice == POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE &&
              orig_offset != uio->uio_offset)
                  /*
                   * Use POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED to flush pages and buffers
                   * for the backing file after a POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
                   * read(2).
                   */
                  error = VOP_ADVISE(vp, orig_offset, uio->uio_offset - 1,
                      POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * File table vnode write routine.
   */
  static int
  vn_write(struct file *fp, struct uio *uio, struct ucred *active_cred, int flags,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vnode *vp;
          struct mount *mp;
          off_t orig_offset;
          int error, ioflag;
          int advice;
          bool need_finished_write;
  
          KASSERT(uio->uio_td == td, ("uio_td %p is not td %p",
              uio->uio_td, td));
          KASSERT(flags & FOF_OFFSET, ("No FOF_OFFSET"));
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
          if (vp->v_type == VREG)
                  bwillwrite();
          ioflag = IO_UNIT;
          if (vp->v_type == VREG && (fp->f_flag & O_APPEND) != 0)
                  ioflag |= IO_APPEND;
          if ((fp->f_flag & FNONBLOCK) != 0)
                  ioflag |= IO_NDELAY;
          ioflag |= get_write_ioflag(fp);
  
          mp = NULL;
          need_finished_write = false;
          if (vp->v_type != VCHR) {
                  error = vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT | PCATCH);
                  if (error != 0)
                          goto unlock;
                  need_finished_write = true;
          }
  
          advice = get_advice(fp, uio);
  
          vn_lock(vp, vn_lktype_write(mp, vp) | LK_RETRY);
          switch (advice) {
          case POSIX_FADV_NORMAL:
          case POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL:
          case POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE:
                  ioflag |= sequential_heuristic(uio, fp);
                  break;
          case POSIX_FADV_RANDOM:
                  /* XXX: Is this correct? */
                  break;
          }
          orig_offset = uio->uio_offset;
  
  #ifdef MAC
          error = mac_vnode_check_write(active_cred, fp->f_cred, vp);
          if (error == 0)
  #endif
                  error = VOP_WRITE(vp, uio, ioflag, fp->f_cred);
          fp->f_nextoff[UIO_WRITE] = uio->uio_offset;
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          if (need_finished_write)
                  vn_finished_write(mp);
          if (error == 0 && advice == POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE &&
              orig_offset != uio->uio_offset)
                  /*
                   * Use POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED to flush pages and buffers
                   * for the backing file after a POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
                   * write(2).
                   */
                  error = VOP_ADVISE(vp, orig_offset, uio->uio_offset - 1,
                      POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);
  unlock:
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * The vn_io_fault() is a wrapper around vn_read() and vn_write() to
   * prevent the following deadlock:
   *
   * Assume that the thread A reads from the vnode vp1 into userspace
   * buffer buf1 backed by the pages of vnode vp2.  If a page in buf1 is
   * currently not resident, then system ends up with the call chain
   *   vn_read() -> VOP_READ(vp1) -> uiomove() -> [Page Fault] ->
   *     vm_fault(buf1) -> vnode_pager_getpages(vp2) -> VOP_GETPAGES(vp2)
   * which establishes lock order vp1->vn_lock, then vp2->vn_lock.
   * If, at the same time, thread B reads from vnode vp2 into buffer buf2
   * backed by the pages of vnode vp1, and some page in buf2 is not
   * resident, we get a reversed order vp2->vn_lock, then vp1->vn_lock.
   *
   * To prevent the lock order reversal and deadlock, vn_io_fault() does
   * not allow page faults to happen during VOP_READ() or VOP_WRITE().
   * Instead, it first tries to do the whole range i/o with pagefaults
   * disabled. If all pages in the i/o buffer are resident and mapped,
   * VOP will succeed (ignoring the genuine filesystem errors).
   * Otherwise, we get back EFAULT, and vn_io_fault() falls back to do
   * i/o in chunks, with all pages in the chunk prefaulted and held
   * using vm_fault_quick_hold_pages().
   *
   * Filesystems using this deadlock avoidance scheme should use the
   * array of the held pages from uio, saved in the curthread->td_ma,
   * instead of doing uiomove().  A helper function
   * vn_io_fault_uiomove() converts uiomove request into
   * uiomove_fromphys() over td_ma array.
   *
   * Since vnode locks do not cover the whole i/o anymore, rangelocks
   * make the current i/o request atomic with respect to other i/os and
   * truncations.
   */
  
  /*
   * Decode vn_io_fault_args and perform the corresponding i/o.
   */
  static int
  vn_io_fault_doio(struct vn_io_fault_args *args, struct uio *uio,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          int error, save;
  
          error = 0;
          save = vm_fault_disable_pagefaults();
          switch (args->kind) {
          case VN_IO_FAULT_FOP:
                  error = (args->args.fop_args.doio)(args->args.fop_args.fp,
                      uio, args->cred, args->flags, td);
                  break;
          case VN_IO_FAULT_VOP:
                  if (uio->uio_rw == UIO_READ) {
                          error = VOP_READ(args->args.vop_args.vp, uio,
                              args->flags, args->cred);
                  } else if (uio->uio_rw == UIO_WRITE) {
                          error = VOP_WRITE(args->args.vop_args.vp, uio,
                              args->flags, args->cred);
                  }
                  break;
          default:
                  panic("vn_io_fault_doio: unknown kind of io %d %d",
                      args->kind, uio->uio_rw);
          }
          vm_fault_enable_pagefaults(save);
          return (error);
  }
  
  static int
  vn_io_fault_touch(char *base, const struct uio *uio)
  {
          int r;
  
          r = fubyte(base);
          if (r == -1 || (uio->uio_rw == UIO_READ && subyte(base, r) == -1))
                  return (EFAULT);
          return (0);
  }
  
  static int
  vn_io_fault_prefault_user(const struct uio *uio)
  {
          char *base;
          const struct iovec *iov;
          size_t len;
          ssize_t resid;
          int error, i;
  
          KASSERT(uio->uio_segflg == UIO_USERSPACE,
              ("vn_io_fault_prefault userspace"));
  
          error = i = 0;
          iov = uio->uio_iov;
          resid = uio->uio_resid;
          base = iov->iov_base;
          len = iov->iov_len;
          while (resid > 0) {
                  error = vn_io_fault_touch(base, uio);
                  if (error != 0)
                          break;
                  if (len < PAGE_SIZE) {
                          if (len != 0) {
                                  error = vn_io_fault_touch(base + len - 1, uio);
                                  if (error != 0)
                                          break;
                                  resid -= len;
                          }
                          if (++i >= uio->uio_iovcnt)
                                  break;
                          iov = uio->uio_iov + i;
                          base = iov->iov_base;
                          len = iov->iov_len;
                  } else {
                          len -= PAGE_SIZE;
                          base += PAGE_SIZE;
                          resid -= PAGE_SIZE;
                  }
          }
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Common code for vn_io_fault(), agnostic to the kind of i/o request.
   * Uses vn_io_fault_doio() to make the call to an actual i/o function.
   * Used from vn_rdwr() and vn_io_fault(), which encode the i/o request
   * into args and call vn_io_fault1() to handle faults during the user
   * mode buffer accesses.
   */
  static int
  vn_io_fault1(struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, struct vn_io_fault_args *args,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          vm_page_t ma[io_hold_cnt + 2];
          struct uio *uio_clone, short_uio;
          struct iovec short_iovec[1];
          vm_page_t *prev_td_ma;
          vm_prot_t prot;
          vm_offset_t addr, end;
          size_t len, resid;
          ssize_t adv;
          int error, cnt, saveheld, prev_td_ma_cnt;
  
          if (vn_io_fault_prefault) {
                  error = vn_io_fault_prefault_user(uio);
                  if (error != 0)
                          return (error); /* Or ignore ? */
          }
  
          prot = uio->uio_rw == UIO_READ ? VM_PROT_WRITE : VM_PROT_READ;
  
          /*
           * The UFS follows IO_UNIT directive and replays back both
           * uio_offset and uio_resid if an error is encountered during the
           * operation.  But, since the iovec may be already advanced,
           * uio is still in an inconsistent state.
           *
           * Cache a copy of the original uio, which is advanced to the redo
           * point using UIO_NOCOPY below.
           */
          uio_clone = cloneuio(uio);
          resid = uio->uio_resid;
  
          short_uio.uio_segflg = UIO_USERSPACE;
          short_uio.uio_rw = uio->uio_rw;
          short_uio.uio_td = uio->uio_td;
  
          error = vn_io_fault_doio(args, uio, td);
          if (error != EFAULT)
                  goto out;
  
          atomic_add_long(&vn_io_faults_cnt, 1);
          uio_clone->uio_segflg = UIO_NOCOPY;
          uiomove(NULL, resid - uio->uio_resid, uio_clone);
          uio_clone->uio_segflg = uio->uio_segflg;
  
          saveheld = curthread_pflags_set(TDP_UIOHELD);
          prev_td_ma = td->td_ma;
          prev_td_ma_cnt = td->td_ma_cnt;
  
          while (uio_clone->uio_resid != 0) {
                  len = uio_clone->uio_iov->iov_len;
                  if (len == 0) {
                          KASSERT(uio_clone->uio_iovcnt >= 1,
                              ("iovcnt underflow"));
                          uio_clone->uio_iov++;
                          uio_clone->uio_iovcnt--;
                          continue;
                  }
                  if (len > ptoa(io_hold_cnt))
                          len = ptoa(io_hold_cnt);
                  addr = (uintptr_t)uio_clone->uio_iov->iov_base;
                  end = round_page(addr + len);
                  if (end < addr) {
                          error = EFAULT;
                          break;
                  }
                  cnt = atop(end - trunc_page(addr));
                  /*
                   * A perfectly misaligned address and length could cause
                   * both the start and the end of the chunk to use partial
                   * page.  +2 accounts for such a situation.
                   */
                  cnt = vm_fault_quick_hold_pages(&td->td_proc->p_vmspace->vm_map,
                      addr, len, prot, ma, io_hold_cnt + 2);
                  if (cnt == -1) {
                          error = EFAULT;
                          break;
                  }
                  short_uio.uio_iov = &short_iovec[0];
                  short_iovec[0].iov_base = (void *)addr;
                  short_uio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
                  short_uio.uio_resid = short_iovec[0].iov_len = len;
                  short_uio.uio_offset = uio_clone->uio_offset;
                  td->td_ma = ma;
                  td->td_ma_cnt = cnt;
  
                  error = vn_io_fault_doio(args, &short_uio, td);
                  vm_page_unhold_pages(ma, cnt);
                  adv = len - short_uio.uio_resid;
  
                  uio_clone->uio_iov->iov_base =
                      (char *)uio_clone->uio_iov->iov_base + adv;
                  uio_clone->uio_iov->iov_len -= adv;
                  uio_clone->uio_resid -= adv;
                  uio_clone->uio_offset += adv;
  
                  uio->uio_resid -= adv;
                  uio->uio_offset += adv;
  
                  if (error != 0 || adv == 0)
                          break;
          }
          td->td_ma = prev_td_ma;
          td->td_ma_cnt = prev_td_ma_cnt;
          curthread_pflags_restore(saveheld);
  out:
          free(uio_clone, M_IOV);
          return (error);
  }
  
  static int
  vn_io_fault(struct file *fp, struct uio *uio, struct ucred *active_cred,
      int flags, struct thread *td)
  {
          fo_rdwr_t *doio;
          struct vnode *vp;
          void *rl_cookie;
          struct vn_io_fault_args args;
          int error;
  
          doio = uio->uio_rw == UIO_READ ? vn_read : vn_write;
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
  
          /*
           * The ability to read(2) on a directory has historically been
           * allowed for all users, but this can and has been the source of
           * at least one security issue in the past.  As such, it is now hidden
           * away behind a sysctl for those that actually need it to use it, and
           * restricted to root when it's turned on to make it relatively safe to
           * leave on for longer sessions of need.
           */
          if (vp->v_type == VDIR) {
                  KASSERT(uio->uio_rw == UIO_READ,
                      ("illegal write attempted on a directory"));
                  if (!vfs_allow_read_dir)
                          return (EISDIR);
                  if ((error = priv_check(td, PRIV_VFS_READ_DIR)) != 0)
                          return (EISDIR);
          }
  
          foffset_lock_uio(fp, uio, flags);
          if (do_vn_io_fault(vp, uio)) {
                  args.kind = VN_IO_FAULT_FOP;
                  args.args.fop_args.fp = fp;
                  args.args.fop_args.doio = doio;
                  args.cred = active_cred;
                  args.flags = flags | FOF_OFFSET;
                  if (uio->uio_rw == UIO_READ) {
                          rl_cookie = vn_rangelock_rlock(vp, uio->uio_offset,
                              uio->uio_offset + uio->uio_resid);
                  } else if ((fp->f_flag & O_APPEND) != 0 ||
                      (flags & FOF_OFFSET) == 0) {
                          /* For appenders, punt and lock the whole range. */
                          rl_cookie = vn_rangelock_wlock(vp, 0, OFF_MAX);
                  } else {
                          rl_cookie = vn_rangelock_wlock(vp, uio->uio_offset,
                              uio->uio_offset + uio->uio_resid);
                  }
                  error = vn_io_fault1(vp, uio, &args, td);
                  vn_rangelock_unlock(vp, rl_cookie);
          } else {
                  error = doio(fp, uio, active_cred, flags | FOF_OFFSET, td);
          }
          foffset_unlock_uio(fp, uio, flags);
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Helper function to perform the requested uiomove operation using
   * the held pages for io->uio_iov[0].iov_base buffer instead of
   * copyin/copyout.  Access to the pages with uiomove_fromphys()
   * instead of iov_base prevents page faults that could occur due to
   * pmap_collect() invalidating the mapping created by
   * vm_fault_quick_hold_pages(), or pageout daemon, page laundry or
   * object cleanup revoking the write access from page mappings.
   *
   * Filesystems specified MNTK_NO_IOPF shall use vn_io_fault_uiomove()
   * instead of plain uiomove().
   */
  int
  vn_io_fault_uiomove(char *data, int xfersize, struct uio *uio)
  {
          struct uio transp_uio;
          struct iovec transp_iov[1];
          struct thread *td;
          size_t adv;
          int error, pgadv;
  
          td = curthread;
          if ((td->td_pflags & TDP_UIOHELD) == 0 ||
              uio->uio_segflg != UIO_USERSPACE)
                  return (uiomove(data, xfersize, uio));
  
          KASSERT(uio->uio_iovcnt == 1, ("uio_iovcnt %d", uio->uio_iovcnt));
          transp_iov[0].iov_base = data;
          transp_uio.uio_iov = &transp_iov[0];
          transp_uio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
          if (xfersize > uio->uio_resid)
                  xfersize = uio->uio_resid;
          transp_uio.uio_resid = transp_iov[0].iov_len = xfersize;
          transp_uio.uio_offset = 0;
          transp_uio.uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
          /*
           * Since transp_iov points to data, and td_ma page array
           * corresponds to original uio->uio_iov, we need to invert the
           * direction of the i/o operation as passed to
           * uiomove_fromphys().
           */
          switch (uio->uio_rw) {
          case UIO_WRITE:
                  transp_uio.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
                  break;
          case UIO_READ:
                  transp_uio.uio_rw = UIO_WRITE;
                  break;
          }
          transp_uio.uio_td = uio->uio_td;
          error = uiomove_fromphys(td->td_ma,
              ((vm_offset_t)uio->uio_iov->iov_base) & PAGE_MASK,
              xfersize, &transp_uio);
          adv = xfersize - transp_uio.uio_resid;
          pgadv =
              (((vm_offset_t)uio->uio_iov->iov_base + adv) >> PAGE_SHIFT) -
              (((vm_offset_t)uio->uio_iov->iov_base) >> PAGE_SHIFT);
          td->td_ma += pgadv;
          KASSERT(td->td_ma_cnt >= pgadv, ("consumed pages %d %d", td->td_ma_cnt,
              pgadv));
          td->td_ma_cnt -= pgadv;
          uio->uio_iov->iov_base = (char *)uio->uio_iov->iov_base + adv;
          uio->uio_iov->iov_len -= adv;
          uio->uio_resid -= adv;
          uio->uio_offset += adv;
          return (error);
  }
  
  int
  vn_io_fault_pgmove(vm_page_t ma[], vm_offset_t offset, int xfersize,
      struct uio *uio)
  {
          struct thread *td;
          vm_offset_t iov_base;
          int cnt, pgadv;
  
          td = curthread;
          if ((td->td_pflags & TDP_UIOHELD) == 0 ||
              uio->uio_segflg != UIO_USERSPACE)
                  return (uiomove_fromphys(ma, offset, xfersize, uio));
  
          KASSERT(uio->uio_iovcnt == 1, ("uio_iovcnt %d", uio->uio_iovcnt));
          cnt = xfersize > uio->uio_resid ? uio->uio_resid : xfersize;
          iov_base = (vm_offset_t)uio->uio_iov->iov_base;
          switch (uio->uio_rw) {
          case UIO_WRITE:
                  pmap_copy_pages(td->td_ma, iov_base & PAGE_MASK, ma,
                      offset, cnt);
                  break;
          case UIO_READ:
                  pmap_copy_pages(ma, offset, td->td_ma, iov_base & PAGE_MASK,
                      cnt);
                  break;
          }
          pgadv = ((iov_base + cnt) >> PAGE_SHIFT) - (iov_base >> PAGE_SHIFT);
          td->td_ma += pgadv;
          KASSERT(td->td_ma_cnt >= pgadv, ("consumed pages %d %d", td->td_ma_cnt,
              pgadv));
          td->td_ma_cnt -= pgadv;
          uio->uio_iov->iov_base = (char *)(iov_base + cnt);
          uio->uio_iov->iov_len -= cnt;
          uio->uio_resid -= cnt;
          uio->uio_offset += cnt;
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   * File table truncate routine.
   */
  static int
  vn_truncate(struct file *fp, off_t length, struct ucred *active_cred,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct mount *mp;
          struct vnode *vp;
          void *rl_cookie;
          int error;
  
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
  
  retry:
          /*
           * Lock the whole range for truncation.  Otherwise split i/o
           * might happen partly before and partly after the truncation.
           */
          rl_cookie = vn_rangelock_wlock(vp, 0, OFF_MAX);
          error = vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT | PCATCH);
          if (error)
                  goto out1;
          vn_lock(vp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
          AUDIT_ARG_VNODE1(vp);
          if (vp->v_type == VDIR) {
                  error = EISDIR;
                  goto out;
          }
  #ifdef MAC
          error = mac_vnode_check_write(active_cred, fp->f_cred, vp);
          if (error)
                  goto out;
  #endif
          error = vn_truncate_locked(vp, length, (fp->f_flag & O_FSYNC) != 0,
              fp->f_cred);
  out:
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          vn_finished_write(mp);
  out1:
          vn_rangelock_unlock(vp, rl_cookie);
          if (error == ERELOOKUP)
                  goto retry;
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Truncate a file that is already locked.
   */
  int
  vn_truncate_locked(struct vnode *vp, off_t length, bool sync,
      struct ucred *cred)
  {
          struct vattr vattr;
          int error;
  
          error = VOP_ADD_WRITECOUNT(vp, 1);
          if (error == 0) {
                  VATTR_NULL(&vattr);
                  vattr.va_size = length;
                  if (sync)
                          vattr.va_vaflags |= VA_SYNC;
                  error = VOP_SETATTR(vp, &vattr, cred);
                  VOP_ADD_WRITECOUNT_CHECKED(vp, -1);
          }
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * File table vnode stat routine.
   */
  int
  vn_statfile(struct file *fp, struct stat *sb, struct ucred *active_cred,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vnode *vp = fp->f_vnode;
          int error;
  
          vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
          error = VOP_STAT(vp, sb, active_cred, fp->f_cred, td);
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
  
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * File table vnode ioctl routine.
   */
  static int
  vn_ioctl(struct file *fp, u_long com, void *data, struct ucred *active_cred,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vattr vattr;
          struct vnode *vp;
          struct fiobmap2_arg *bmarg;
          int error;
  
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
          switch (vp->v_type) {
          case VDIR:
          case VREG:
                  switch (com) {
                  case FIONREAD:
                          vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
                          error = VOP_GETATTR(vp, &vattr, active_cred);
                          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                          if (error == 0)
                                  *(int *)data = vattr.va_size - fp->f_offset;
                          return (error);
                  case FIOBMAP2:
                          bmarg = (struct fiobmap2_arg *)data;
                          vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
  #ifdef MAC
                          error = mac_vnode_check_read(active_cred, fp->f_cred,
                              vp);
                          if (error == 0)
  #endif
                                  error = VOP_BMAP(vp, bmarg->bn, NULL,
                                      &bmarg->bn, &bmarg->runp, &bmarg->runb);
                          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                          return (error);
                  case FIONBIO:
                  case FIOASYNC:
                          return (0);
                  default:
                          return (VOP_IOCTL(vp, com, data, fp->f_flag,
                              active_cred, td));
                  }
                  break;
          case VCHR:
                  return (VOP_IOCTL(vp, com, data, fp->f_flag,
                      active_cred, td));
          default:
                  return (ENOTTY);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   * File table vnode poll routine.
   */
  static int
  vn_poll(struct file *fp, int events, struct ucred *active_cred,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vnode *vp;
          int error;
  
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
  #if defined(MAC) || defined(AUDIT)
          if (AUDITING_TD(td) || mac_vnode_check_poll_enabled()) {
                  vn_lock(vp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
                  AUDIT_ARG_VNODE1(vp);
                  error = mac_vnode_check_poll(active_cred, fp->f_cred, vp);
                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                  if (error != 0)
                          return (error);
          }
  #endif
          error = VOP_POLL(vp, events, fp->f_cred, td);
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Acquire the requested lock and then check for validity.  LK_RETRY
   * permits vn_lock to return doomed vnodes.
   */
  static int __noinline
  _vn_lock_fallback(struct vnode *vp, int flags, const char *file, int line,
      int error)
  {
  
          KASSERT((flags & LK_RETRY) == 0 || error == 0,
              ("vn_lock: error %d incompatible with flags %#x", error, flags));
  
          if (error == 0)
                  VNASSERT(VN_IS_DOOMED(vp), vp, ("vnode not doomed"));
  
          if ((flags & LK_RETRY) == 0) {
                  if (error == 0) {
                          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                          error = ENOENT;
                  }
                  return (error);
          }
  
          /*
           * LK_RETRY case.
           *
           * Nothing to do if we got the lock.
           */
          if (error == 0)
                  return (0);
  
          /*
           * Interlock was dropped by the call in _vn_lock.
           */
          flags &= ~LK_INTERLOCK;
          do {
                  error = VOP_LOCK1(vp, flags, file, line);
          } while (error != 0);
          return (0);
  }
  
  int
  _vn_lock(struct vnode *vp, int flags, const char *file, int line)
  {
          int error;
  
          VNASSERT((flags & LK_TYPE_MASK) != 0, vp,
              ("vn_lock: no locktype (%d passed)", flags));
          VNPASS(vp->v_holdcnt > 0, vp);
          error = VOP_LOCK1(vp, flags, file, line);
          if (__predict_false(error != 0 || VN_IS_DOOMED(vp)))
                  return (_vn_lock_fallback(vp, flags, file, line, error));
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   * File table vnode close routine.
   */
  static int
  vn_closefile(struct file *fp, struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vnode *vp;
          struct flock lf;
          int error;
          bool ref;
  
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
          fp->f_ops = &badfileops;
          ref = (fp->f_flag & FHASLOCK) != 0;
  
          error = vn_close1(vp, fp->f_flag, fp->f_cred, td, ref);
  
          if (__predict_false(ref)) {
                  lf.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
                  lf.l_start = 0;
                  lf.l_len = 0;
                  lf.l_type = F_UNLCK;
                  (void) VOP_ADVLOCK(vp, fp, F_UNLCK, &lf, F_FLOCK);
                  vrele(vp);
          }
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Preparing to start a filesystem write operation. If the operation is
   * permitted, then we bump the count of operations in progress and
   * proceed. If a suspend request is in progress, we wait until the
   * suspension is over, and then proceed.
   */
  static int
  vn_start_write_refed(struct mount *mp, int flags, bool mplocked)
  {
          struct mount_pcpu *mpcpu;
          int error, mflags;
  
          if (__predict_true(!mplocked) && (flags & V_XSLEEP) == 0 &&
              vfs_op_thread_enter(mp, mpcpu)) {
                  MPASS((mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPEND) == 0);
                  vfs_mp_count_add_pcpu(mpcpu, writeopcount, 1);
                  vfs_op_thread_exit(mp, mpcpu);
                  return (0);
          }
  
          if (mplocked)
                  mtx_assert(MNT_MTX(mp), MA_OWNED);
          else
                  MNT_ILOCK(mp);
  
          error = 0;
  
          /*
           * Check on status of suspension.
           */
          if ((curthread->td_pflags & TDP_IGNSUSP) == 0 ||
              mp->mnt_susp_owner != curthread) {
                  mflags = ((mp->mnt_vfc->vfc_flags & VFCF_SBDRY) != 0 ?
                      (flags & PCATCH) : 0) | (PUSER - 1);
                  while ((mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPEND) != 0) {
                          if (flags & V_NOWAIT) {
                                  error = EWOULDBLOCK;
                                  goto unlock;
                          }
                          error = msleep(&mp->mnt_flag, MNT_MTX(mp), mflags,
                              "suspfs", 0);
                          if (error)
                                  goto unlock;
                  }
          }
          if (flags & V_XSLEEP)
                  goto unlock;
          mp->mnt_writeopcount++;
  unlock:
          if (error != 0 || (flags & V_XSLEEP) != 0)
                  MNT_REL(mp);
          MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
          return (error);
  }
  
  int
  vn_start_write(struct vnode *vp, struct mount **mpp, int flags)
  {
          struct mount *mp;
          int error;
  
          KASSERT((flags & V_MNTREF) == 0 || (*mpp != NULL && vp == NULL),
              ("V_MNTREF requires mp"));
  
          error = 0;
          /*
           * If a vnode is provided, get and return the mount point that
           * to which it will write.
           */
          if (vp != NULL) {
                  if ((error = VOP_GETWRITEMOUNT(vp, mpp)) != 0) {
                          *mpp = NULL;
                          if (error != EOPNOTSUPP)
                                  return (error);
                          return (0);
                  }
          }
          if ((mp = *mpp) == NULL)
                  return (0);
  
          /*
           * VOP_GETWRITEMOUNT() returns with the mp refcount held through
           * a vfs_ref().
           * As long as a vnode is not provided we need to acquire a
           * refcount for the provided mountpoint too, in order to
           * emulate a vfs_ref().
           */
          if (vp == NULL && (flags & V_MNTREF) == 0)
                  vfs_ref(mp);
  
          return (vn_start_write_refed(mp, flags, false));
  }
  
  /*
   * Secondary suspension. Used by operations such as vop_inactive
   * routines that are needed by the higher level functions. These
   * are allowed to proceed until all the higher level functions have
   * completed (indicated by mnt_writeopcount dropping to zero). At that
   * time, these operations are halted until the suspension is over.
   */
  int
  vn_start_secondary_write(struct vnode *vp, struct mount **mpp, int flags)
  {
          struct mount *mp;
          int error;
  
          KASSERT((flags & V_MNTREF) == 0 || (*mpp != NULL && vp == NULL),
              ("V_MNTREF requires mp"));
  
   retry:
          if (vp != NULL) {
                  if ((error = VOP_GETWRITEMOUNT(vp, mpp)) != 0) {
                          *mpp = NULL;
                          if (error != EOPNOTSUPP)
                                  return (error);
                          return (0);
                  }
          }
          /*
           * If we are not suspended or have not yet reached suspended
           * mode, then let the operation proceed.
           */
          if ((mp = *mpp) == NULL)
                  return (0);
  
          /*
           * VOP_GETWRITEMOUNT() returns with the mp refcount held through
           * a vfs_ref().
           * As long as a vnode is not provided we need to acquire a
           * refcount for the provided mountpoint too, in order to
           * emulate a vfs_ref().
           */
          MNT_ILOCK(mp);
          if (vp == NULL && (flags & V_MNTREF) == 0)
                  MNT_REF(mp);
          if ((mp->mnt_kern_flag & (MNTK_SUSPENDED | MNTK_SUSPEND2)) == 0) {
                  mp->mnt_secondary_writes++;
                  mp->mnt_secondary_accwrites++;
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
                  return (0);
          }
          if (flags & V_NOWAIT) {
                  MNT_REL(mp);
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
                  return (EWOULDBLOCK);
          }
          /*
           * Wait for the suspension to finish.
           */
          error = msleep(&mp->mnt_flag, MNT_MTX(mp), (PUSER - 1) | PDROP |
              ((mp->mnt_vfc->vfc_flags & VFCF_SBDRY) != 0 ? (flags & PCATCH) : 0),
              "suspfs", 0);
          vfs_rel(mp);
          if (error == 0)
                  goto retry;
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Filesystem write operation has completed. If we are suspending and this
   * operation is the last one, notify the suspender that the suspension is
   * now in effect.
   */
  void
  vn_finished_write(struct mount *mp)
  {
          struct mount_pcpu *mpcpu;
          int c;
  
          if (mp == NULL)
                  return;
  
          if (vfs_op_thread_enter(mp, mpcpu)) {
                  vfs_mp_count_sub_pcpu(mpcpu, writeopcount, 1);
                  vfs_mp_count_sub_pcpu(mpcpu, ref, 1);
                  vfs_op_thread_exit(mp, mpcpu);
                  return;
          }
  
          MNT_ILOCK(mp);
          vfs_assert_mount_counters(mp);
          MNT_REL(mp);
          c = --mp->mnt_writeopcount;
          if (mp->mnt_vfs_ops == 0) {
                  MPASS((mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPEND) == 0);
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
                  return;
          }
          if (c < 0)
                  vfs_dump_mount_counters(mp);
          if ((mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPEND) != 0 && c == 0)
                  wakeup(&mp->mnt_writeopcount);
          MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
  }
  
  /*
   * Filesystem secondary write operation has completed. If we are
   * suspending and this operation is the last one, notify the suspender
   * that the suspension is now in effect.
   */
  void
  vn_finished_secondary_write(struct mount *mp)
  {
          if (mp == NULL)
                  return;
          MNT_ILOCK(mp);
          MNT_REL(mp);
          mp->mnt_secondary_writes--;
          if (mp->mnt_secondary_writes < 0)
                  panic("vn_finished_secondary_write: neg cnt");
          if ((mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPEND) != 0 &&
              mp->mnt_secondary_writes <= 0)
                  wakeup(&mp->mnt_secondary_writes);
          MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
  }
  
  /*
   * Request a filesystem to suspend write operations.
   */
  int
  vfs_write_suspend(struct mount *mp, int flags)
  {
          int error;
  
          vfs_op_enter(mp);
  
          MNT_ILOCK(mp);
          vfs_assert_mount_counters(mp);
          if (mp->mnt_susp_owner == curthread) {
                  vfs_op_exit_locked(mp);
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
                  return (EALREADY);
          }
          while (mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPEND)
                  msleep(&mp->mnt_flag, MNT_MTX(mp), PUSER - 1, "wsuspfs", 0);
  
          /*
           * Unmount holds a write reference on the mount point.  If we
           * own busy reference and drain for writers, we deadlock with
           * the reference draining in the unmount path.  Callers of
           * vfs_write_suspend() must specify VS_SKIP_UNMOUNT if
           * vfs_busy() reference is owned and caller is not in the
           * unmount context.
           */
          if ((flags & VS_SKIP_UNMOUNT) != 0 &&
              (mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_UNMOUNT) != 0) {
                  vfs_op_exit_locked(mp);
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
                  return (EBUSY);
          }
  
          mp->mnt_kern_flag |= MNTK_SUSPEND;
          mp->mnt_susp_owner = curthread;
          if (mp->mnt_writeopcount > 0)
                  (void) msleep(&mp->mnt_writeopcount, 
                      MNT_MTX(mp), (PUSER - 1)|PDROP, "suspwt", 0);
          else
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
          if ((error = VFS_SYNC(mp, MNT_SUSPEND)) != 0) {
                  vfs_write_resume(mp, 0);
                  /* vfs_write_resume does vfs_op_exit() for us */
          }
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Request a filesystem to resume write operations.
   */
  void
  vfs_write_resume(struct mount *mp, int flags)
  {
  
          MNT_ILOCK(mp);
          if ((mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPEND) != 0) {
                  KASSERT(mp->mnt_susp_owner == curthread, ("mnt_susp_owner"));
                  mp->mnt_kern_flag &= ~(MNTK_SUSPEND | MNTK_SUSPEND2 |
                                         MNTK_SUSPENDED);
                  mp->mnt_susp_owner = NULL;
                  wakeup(&mp->mnt_writeopcount);
                  wakeup(&mp->mnt_flag);
                  curthread->td_pflags &= ~TDP_IGNSUSP;
                  if ((flags & VR_START_WRITE) != 0) {
                          MNT_REF(mp);
                          mp->mnt_writeopcount++;
                  }
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
                  if ((flags & VR_NO_SUSPCLR) == 0)
                          VFS_SUSP_CLEAN(mp);
                  vfs_op_exit(mp);
          } else if ((flags & VR_START_WRITE) != 0) {
                  MNT_REF(mp);
                  vn_start_write_refed(mp, 0, true);
          } else {
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   * Helper loop around vfs_write_suspend() for filesystem unmount VFS
   * methods.
   */
  int
  vfs_write_suspend_umnt(struct mount *mp)
  {
          int error;
  
          KASSERT((curthread->td_pflags & TDP_IGNSUSP) == 0,
              ("vfs_write_suspend_umnt: recursed"));
  
          /* dounmount() already called vn_start_write(). */
          for (;;) {
                  vn_finished_write(mp);
                  error = vfs_write_suspend(mp, 0);
                  if (error != 0) {
                          vn_start_write(NULL, &mp, V_WAIT);
                          return (error);
                  }
                  MNT_ILOCK(mp);
                  if ((mp->mnt_kern_flag & MNTK_SUSPENDED) != 0)
                          break;
                  MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
                  vn_start_write(NULL, &mp, V_WAIT);
          }
          mp->mnt_kern_flag &= ~(MNTK_SUSPENDED | MNTK_SUSPEND2);
          wakeup(&mp->mnt_flag);
          MNT_IUNLOCK(mp);
          curthread->td_pflags |= TDP_IGNSUSP;
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   * Implement kqueues for files by translating it to vnode operation.
   */
  static int
  vn_kqfilter(struct file *fp, struct knote *kn)
  {
  
          return (VOP_KQFILTER(fp->f_vnode, kn));
  }
  
  int
  vn_kqfilter_opath(struct file *fp, struct knote *kn)
  {
          if ((fp->f_flag & FKQALLOWED) == 0)
                  return (EBADF);
          return (vn_kqfilter(fp, kn));
  }
  
  /*
   * Simplified in-kernel wrapper calls for extended attribute access.
   * Both calls pass in a NULL credential, authorizing as "kernel" access.
   * Set IO_NODELOCKED in ioflg if the vnode is already locked.
   */
  int
  vn_extattr_get(struct vnode *vp, int ioflg, int attrnamespace,
      const char *attrname, int *buflen, char *buf, struct thread *td)
  {
          struct uio      auio;
          struct iovec    iov;
          int     error;
  
          iov.iov_len = *buflen;
          iov.iov_base = buf;
  
          auio.uio_iov = &iov;
          auio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
          auio.uio_rw = UIO_READ;
          auio.uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
          auio.uio_td = td;
          auio.uio_offset = 0;
          auio.uio_resid = *buflen;
  
          if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0)
                  vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
  
          ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "IO_NODELOCKED with no vp lock held");
  
          /* authorize attribute retrieval as kernel */
          error = VOP_GETEXTATTR(vp, attrnamespace, attrname, &auio, NULL, NULL,
              td);
  
          if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0)
                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
  
          if (error == 0) {
                  *buflen = *buflen - auio.uio_resid;
          }
  
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * XXX failure mode if partially written?
   */
  int
  vn_extattr_set(struct vnode *vp, int ioflg, int attrnamespace,
      const char *attrname, int buflen, char *buf, struct thread *td)
  {
          struct uio      auio;
          struct iovec    iov;
          struct mount    *mp;
          int     error;
  
          iov.iov_len = buflen;
          iov.iov_base = buf;
  
          auio.uio_iov = &iov;
          auio.uio_iovcnt = 1;
          auio.uio_rw = UIO_WRITE;
          auio.uio_segflg = UIO_SYSSPACE;
          auio.uio_td = td;
          auio.uio_offset = 0;
          auio.uio_resid = buflen;
  
          if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0) {
                  if ((error = vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT)) != 0)
                          return (error);
                  vn_lock(vp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
          }
  
          ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "IO_NODELOCKED with no vp lock held");
  
          /* authorize attribute setting as kernel */
          error = VOP_SETEXTATTR(vp, attrnamespace, attrname, &auio, NULL, td);
  
          if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0) {
                  vn_finished_write(mp);
                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          }
  
          return (error);
  }
  
  int
  vn_extattr_rm(struct vnode *vp, int ioflg, int attrnamespace,
      const char *attrname, struct thread *td)
  {
          struct mount    *mp;
          int     error;
  
          if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0) {
                  if ((error = vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT)) != 0)
                          return (error);
                  vn_lock(vp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
          }
  
          ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "IO_NODELOCKED with no vp lock held");
  
          /* authorize attribute removal as kernel */
          error = VOP_DELETEEXTATTR(vp, attrnamespace, attrname, NULL, td);
          if (error == EOPNOTSUPP)
                  error = VOP_SETEXTATTR(vp, attrnamespace, attrname, NULL,
                      NULL, td);
  
          if ((ioflg & IO_NODELOCKED) == 0) {
                  vn_finished_write(mp);
                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          }
  
          return (error);
  }
  
  static int
  vn_get_ino_alloc_vget(struct mount *mp, void *arg, int lkflags,
      struct vnode **rvp)
  {
  
          return (VFS_VGET(mp, *(ino_t *)arg, lkflags, rvp));
  }
  
  int
  vn_vget_ino(struct vnode *vp, ino_t ino, int lkflags, struct vnode **rvp)
  {
  
          return (vn_vget_ino_gen(vp, vn_get_ino_alloc_vget, &ino,
              lkflags, rvp));
  }
  
  int
  vn_vget_ino_gen(struct vnode *vp, vn_get_ino_t alloc, void *alloc_arg,
      int lkflags, struct vnode **rvp)
  {
          struct mount *mp;
          int ltype, error;
  
          ASSERT_VOP_LOCKED(vp, "vn_vget_ino_get");
          mp = vp->v_mount;
          ltype = VOP_ISLOCKED(vp);
          KASSERT(ltype == LK_EXCLUSIVE || ltype == LK_SHARED,
              ("vn_vget_ino: vp not locked"));
          error = vfs_busy(mp, MBF_NOWAIT);
          if (error != 0) {
                  vfs_ref(mp);
                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                  error = vfs_busy(mp, 0);
                  vn_lock(vp, ltype | LK_RETRY);
                  vfs_rel(mp);
                  if (error != 0)
                          return (ENOENT);
                  if (VN_IS_DOOMED(vp)) {
                          vfs_unbusy(mp);
                          return (ENOENT);
                  }
          }
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          error = alloc(mp, alloc_arg, lkflags, rvp);
          vfs_unbusy(mp);
          if (error != 0 || *rvp != vp)
                  vn_lock(vp, ltype | LK_RETRY);
          if (VN_IS_DOOMED(vp)) {
                  if (error == 0) {
                          if (*rvp == vp)
                                  vunref(vp);
                          else
                                  vput(*rvp);
                  }
                  error = ENOENT;
          }
          return (error);
  }
  
  static void
  vn_send_sigxfsz(struct proc *p)
  {
          PROC_LOCK(p);
          kern_psignal(p, SIGXFSZ);
          PROC_UNLOCK(p);
  }
  
  int
  vn_rlimit_trunc(u_quad_t size, struct thread *td)
  {
          if (size <= lim_cur(td, RLIMIT_FSIZE))
                  return (0);
          vn_send_sigxfsz(td->td_proc);
          return (EFBIG);
  }
  
  static int
  vn_rlimit_fsizex1(const struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, off_t maxfsz,
      bool adj, struct thread *td)
  {
          off_t lim;
          bool ktr_write;
  
          if (vp->v_type != VREG)
                  return (0);
  
          /*
           * Handle file system maximum file size.
           */
          if (maxfsz != 0 && uio->uio_offset + uio->uio_resid > maxfsz) {
                  if (!adj || uio->uio_offset >= maxfsz)
                          return (EFBIG);
                  uio->uio_resid = maxfsz - uio->uio_offset;
          }
  
          /*
           * This is kernel write (e.g. vnode_pager) or accounting
           * write, ignore limit.
           */
          if (td == NULL || (td->td_pflags2 & TDP2_ACCT) != 0)
                  return (0);
  
          /*
           * Calculate file size limit.
           */
          ktr_write = (td->td_pflags & TDP_INKTRACE) != 0;
          lim = __predict_false(ktr_write) ? td->td_ktr_io_lim :
              lim_cur(td, RLIMIT_FSIZE);
  
          /*
           * Is the limit reached?
           */
          if (__predict_true((uoff_t)uio->uio_offset + uio->uio_resid <= lim))
                  return (0);
  
          /*
           * Prepared filesystems can handle writes truncated to the
           * file size limit.
           */
          if (adj && (uoff_t)uio->uio_offset < lim) {
                  uio->uio_resid = lim - (uoff_t)uio->uio_offset;
                  return (0);
          }
  
          if (!ktr_write || ktr_filesize_limit_signal)
                  vn_send_sigxfsz(td->td_proc);
          return (EFBIG);
  }
  
  /*
   * Helper for VOP_WRITE() implementations, the common code to
   * handle maximum supported file size on the filesystem, and
   * RLIMIT_FSIZE, except for special writes from accounting subsystem
   * and ktrace.
   *
   * For maximum file size (maxfsz argument):
   * - return EFBIG if uio_offset is beyond it
   * - otherwise, clamp uio_resid if write would extend file beyond maxfsz.
   *
   * For RLIMIT_FSIZE:
   * - return EFBIG and send SIGXFSZ if uio_offset is beyond the limit
   * - otherwise, clamp uio_resid if write would extend file beyond limit.
   *
   * If clamping occured, the adjustment for uio_resid is stored in
   * *resid_adj, to be re-applied by vn_rlimit_fsizex_res() on return
   * from the VOP.
   */
  int
  vn_rlimit_fsizex(const struct vnode *vp, struct uio *uio, off_t maxfsz,
      ssize_t *resid_adj, struct thread *td)
  {
          ssize_t resid_orig;
          int error;
          bool adj;
  
          resid_orig = uio->uio_resid;
          adj = resid_adj != NULL;
          error = vn_rlimit_fsizex1(vp, uio, maxfsz, adj, td);
          if (adj)
                  *resid_adj = resid_orig - uio->uio_resid;
          return (error);
  }
  
  void
  vn_rlimit_fsizex_res(struct uio *uio, ssize_t resid_adj)
  {
          uio->uio_resid += resid_adj;
  }
  
  int
  vn_rlimit_fsize(const struct vnode *vp, const struct uio *uio,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          return (vn_rlimit_fsizex(vp, __DECONST(struct uio *, uio), 0, NULL,
              td));
  }
  
  int
  vn_chmod(struct file *fp, mode_t mode, struct ucred *active_cred,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vnode *vp;
  
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
  #ifdef AUDIT
          vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
          AUDIT_ARG_VNODE1(vp);
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
  #endif
          return (setfmode(td, active_cred, vp, mode));
  }
  
  int
  vn_chown(struct file *fp, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, struct ucred *active_cred,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          struct vnode *vp;
  
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
  #ifdef AUDIT
          vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
          AUDIT_ARG_VNODE1(vp);
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
  #endif
          return (setfown(td, active_cred, vp, uid, gid));
  }
  
  /*
   * Remove pages in the range ["start", "end") from the vnode's VM object.  If
   * "end" is 0, then the range extends to the end of the object.
   */
  void
  vn_pages_remove(struct vnode *vp, vm_pindex_t start, vm_pindex_t end)
  {
          vm_object_t object;
  
          if ((object = vp->v_object) == NULL)
                  return;
          VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
          vm_object_page_remove(object, start, end, 0);
          VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
  }
  
  /*
   * Like vn_pages_remove(), but skips invalid pages, which by definition are not
   * mapped into any process' address space.  Filesystems may use this in
   * preference to vn_pages_remove() to avoid blocking on pages busied in
   * preparation for a VOP_GETPAGES.
   */
  void
  vn_pages_remove_valid(struct vnode *vp, vm_pindex_t start, vm_pindex_t end)
  {
          vm_object_t object;
  
          if ((object = vp->v_object) == NULL)
                  return;
          VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
          vm_object_page_remove(object, start, end, OBJPR_VALIDONLY);
          VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
  }
  
  int
  vn_bmap_seekhole(struct vnode *vp, u_long cmd, off_t *off, struct ucred *cred)
  {
          struct vattr va;
          daddr_t bn, bnp;
          uint64_t bsize;
          off_t noff;
          int error;
  
          KASSERT(cmd == FIOSEEKHOLE || cmd == FIOSEEKDATA,
              ("Wrong command %lu", cmd));
  
          if (vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED) != 0)
                  return (EBADF);
          if (vp->v_type != VREG) {
                  error = ENOTTY;
                  goto unlock;
          }
          error = VOP_GETATTR(vp, &va, cred);
          if (error != 0)
                  goto unlock;
          noff = *off;
          if (noff < 0 || noff >= va.va_size) {
                  error = ENXIO;
                  goto unlock;
          }
          bsize = vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize;
          for (bn = noff / bsize; noff < va.va_size; bn++, noff += bsize -
              noff % bsize) {
                  error = VOP_BMAP(vp, bn, NULL, &bnp, NULL, NULL);
                  if (error == EOPNOTSUPP) {
                          error = ENOTTY;
                          goto unlock;
                  }
                  if ((bnp == -1 && cmd == FIOSEEKHOLE) ||
                      (bnp != -1 && cmd == FIOSEEKDATA)) {
                          noff = bn * bsize;
                          if (noff < *off)
                                  noff = *off;
                          goto unlock;
                  }
          }
          if (noff > va.va_size)
                  noff = va.va_size;
          /* noff == va.va_size. There is an implicit hole at the end of file. */
          if (cmd == FIOSEEKDATA)
                  error = ENXIO;
  unlock:
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          if (error == 0)
                  *off = noff;
          return (error);
  }
  
  int
  vn_seek(struct file *fp, off_t offset, int whence, struct thread *td)
  {
          struct ucred *cred;
          struct vnode *vp;
          struct vattr vattr;
          off_t foffset, size;
          int error, noneg;
  
          cred = td->td_ucred;
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
          foffset = foffset_lock(fp, 0);
          noneg = (vp->v_type != VCHR);
          error = 0;
          switch (whence) {
          case L_INCR:
                  if (noneg &&
                      (foffset < 0 ||
                      (offset > 0 && foffset > OFF_MAX - offset))) {
                          error = EOVERFLOW;
                          break;
                  }
                  offset += foffset;
                  break;
          case L_XTND:
                  vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
                  error = VOP_GETATTR(vp, &vattr, cred);
                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                  if (error)
                          break;
  
                  /*
                   * If the file references a disk device, then fetch
                   * the media size and use that to determine the ending
                   * offset.
                   */
                  if (vattr.va_size == 0 && vp->v_type == VCHR &&
                      fo_ioctl(fp, DIOCGMEDIASIZE, &size, cred, td) == 0)
                          vattr.va_size = size;
                  if (noneg &&
                      (vattr.va_size > OFF_MAX ||
                      (offset > 0 && vattr.va_size > OFF_MAX - offset))) {
                          error = EOVERFLOW;
                          break;
                  }
                  offset += vattr.va_size;
                  break;
          case L_SET:
                  break;
          case SEEK_DATA:
                  error = fo_ioctl(fp, FIOSEEKDATA, &offset, cred, td);
                  if (error == ENOTTY)
                          error = EINVAL;
                  break;
          case SEEK_HOLE:
                  error = fo_ioctl(fp, FIOSEEKHOLE, &offset, cred, td);
                  if (error == ENOTTY)
                          error = EINVAL;
                  break;
          default:
                  error = EINVAL;
          }
          if (error == 0 && noneg && offset < 0)
                  error = EINVAL;
          if (error != 0)
                  goto drop;
          VFS_KNOTE_UNLOCKED(vp, 0);
          td->td_uretoff.tdu_off = offset;
  drop:
          foffset_unlock(fp, offset, error != 0 ? FOF_NOUPDATE : 0);
          return (error);
  }
  
  int
  vn_utimes_perm(struct vnode *vp, struct vattr *vap, struct ucred *cred,
      struct thread *td)
  {
          int error;
  
          /*
           * Grant permission if the caller is the owner of the file, or
           * the super-user, or has ACL_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES permission on
           * on the file.  If the time pointer is null, then write
           * permission on the file is also sufficient.
           *
           * From NFSv4.1, draft 21, 6.2.1.3.1, Discussion of Mask Attributes:
           * A user having ACL_WRITE_DATA or ACL_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES
           * will be allowed to set the times [..] to the current
           * server time.
           */
          error = VOP_ACCESSX(vp, VWRITE_ATTRIBUTES, cred, td);
          if (error != 0 && (vap->va_vaflags & VA_UTIMES_NULL) != 0)
                  error = VOP_ACCESS(vp, VWRITE, cred, td);
          return (error);
  }
  
  int
  vn_fill_kinfo(struct file *fp, struct kinfo_file *kif, struct filedesc *fdp)
  {
          struct vnode *vp;
          int error;
  
          if (fp->f_type == DTYPE_FIFO)
                  kif->kf_type = KF_TYPE_FIFO;
          else
                  kif->kf_type = KF_TYPE_VNODE;
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
          vref(vp);
          FILEDESC_SUNLOCK(fdp);
          error = vn_fill_kinfo_vnode(vp, kif);
          vrele(vp);
          FILEDESC_SLOCK(fdp);
          return (error);
  }
  
  static inline void
  vn_fill_junk(struct kinfo_file *kif)
  {
          size_t len, olen;
  
          /*
           * Simulate vn_fullpath returning changing values for a given
           * vp during e.g. coredump.
           */
          len = (arc4random() % (sizeof(kif->kf_path) - 2)) + 1;
          olen = strlen(kif->kf_path);
          if (len < olen)
                  strcpy(&kif->kf_path[len - 1], "$");
          else
                  for (; olen < len; olen++)
                          strcpy(&kif->kf_path[olen], "A");
  }
  
  int
  vn_fill_kinfo_vnode(struct vnode *vp, struct kinfo_file *kif)
  {
          struct vattr va;
          char *fullpath, *freepath;
          int error;
  
          kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_type = vntype_to_kinfo(vp->v_type);
          freepath = NULL;
          fullpath = "-";
          error = vn_fullpath(vp, &fullpath, &freepath);
          if (error == 0) {
                  strlcpy(kif->kf_path, fullpath, sizeof(kif->kf_path));
          }
          if (freepath != NULL)
                  free(freepath, M_TEMP);
  
          KFAIL_POINT_CODE(DEBUG_FP, fill_kinfo_vnode__random_path,
                  vn_fill_junk(kif);
          );
  
          /*
           * Retrieve vnode attributes.
           */
          va.va_fsid = VNOVAL;
          va.va_rdev = NODEV;
          vn_lock(vp, LK_SHARED | LK_RETRY);
          error = VOP_GETATTR(vp, &va, curthread->td_ucred);
          VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
          if (error != 0)
                  return (error);
          if (va.va_fsid != VNOVAL)
                  kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_fsid = va.va_fsid;
          else
                  kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_fsid =
                      vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_fsid.val[0];
          kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_fsid_freebsd11 =
              kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_fsid; /* truncate */
          kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_fileid = va.va_fileid;
          kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_mode = MAKEIMODE(va.va_type, va.va_mode);
          kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_size = va.va_size;
          kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_rdev = va.va_rdev;
          kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_rdev_freebsd11 =
              kif->kf_un.kf_file.kf_file_rdev; /* truncate */
          return (0);
  }
  
  int
  vn_mmap(struct file *fp, vm_map_t map, vm_offset_t *addr, vm_size_t size,
      vm_prot_t prot, vm_prot_t cap_maxprot, int flags, vm_ooffset_t foff,
      struct thread *td)
  {
  #ifdef HWPMC_HOOKS
          struct pmckern_map_in pkm;
  #endif
          struct mount *mp;
          struct vnode *vp;
          vm_object_t object;
          vm_prot_t maxprot;
          boolean_t writecounted;
          int error;
  
  #if defined(COMPAT_FREEBSD7) || defined(COMPAT_FREEBSD6) || \
      defined(COMPAT_FREEBSD5) || defined(COMPAT_FREEBSD4)
          /*
           * POSIX shared-memory objects are defined to have
           * kernel persistence, and are not defined to support
           * read(2)/write(2) -- or even open(2).  Thus, we can
           * use MAP_ASYNC to trade on-disk coherence for speed.
           * The shm_open(3) library routine turns on the FPOSIXSHM
           * flag to request this behavior.
           */
          if ((fp->f_flag & FPOSIXSHM) != 0)
                  flags |= MAP_NOSYNC;
  #endif
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
  
          /*
           * Ensure that file and memory protections are
           * compatible.  Note that we only worry about
           * writability if mapping is shared; in this case,
           * current and max prot are dictated by the open file.
           * XXX use the vnode instead?  Problem is: what
           * credentials do we use for determination? What if
           * proc does a setuid?
           */
          mp = vp->v_mount;
          if (mp != NULL && (mp->mnt_flag & MNT_NOEXEC) != 0) {
                  maxprot = VM_PROT_NONE;
                  if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) != 0)
                          return (EACCES);
          } else
                  maxprot = VM_PROT_EXECUTE;
          if ((fp->f_flag & FREAD) != 0)
                  maxprot |= VM_PROT_READ;
          else if ((prot & VM_PROT_READ) != 0)
                  return (EACCES);
  
          /*
           * If we are sharing potential changes via MAP_SHARED and we
           * are trying to get write permission although we opened it
           * without asking for it, bail out.
           */
          if ((flags & MAP_SHARED) != 0) {
                  if ((fp->f_flag & FWRITE) != 0)
                          maxprot |= VM_PROT_WRITE;
                  else if ((prot & VM_PROT_WRITE) != 0)
                          return (EACCES);
          } else {
                  maxprot |= VM_PROT_WRITE;
                  cap_maxprot |= VM_PROT_WRITE;
          }
          maxprot &= cap_maxprot;
  
          /*
           * For regular files and shared memory, POSIX requires that
           * the value of foff be a legitimate offset within the data
           * object.  In particular, negative offsets are invalid.
           * Blocking negative offsets and overflows here avoids
           * possible wraparound or user-level access into reserved
           * ranges of the data object later.  In contrast, POSIX does
           * not dictate how offsets are used by device drivers, so in
           * the case of a device mapping a negative offset is passed
           * on.
           */
          if (
  #ifdef _LP64
              size > OFF_MAX ||
  #endif
              foff > OFF_MAX - size)
                  return (EINVAL);
  
          writecounted = FALSE;
          error = vm_mmap_vnode(td, size, prot, &maxprot, &flags, vp,
              &foff, &object, &writecounted);
          if (error != 0)
                  return (error);
          error = vm_mmap_object(map, addr, size, prot, maxprot, flags, object,
              foff, writecounted, td);
          if (error != 0) {
                  /*
                   * If this mapping was accounted for in the vnode's
                   * writecount, then undo that now.
                   */
                  if (writecounted)
                          vm_pager_release_writecount(object, 0, size);
                  vm_object_deallocate(object);
          }
  #ifdef HWPMC_HOOKS
          /* Inform hwpmc(4) if an executable is being mapped. */
          if (PMC_HOOK_INSTALLED(PMC_FN_MMAP)) {
                  if ((prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE) != 0 && error == 0) {
                          pkm.pm_file = vp;
                          pkm.pm_address = (uintptr_t) *addr;
                          PMC_CALL_HOOK_UNLOCKED(td, PMC_FN_MMAP, (void *) &pkm);
                  }
          }
  #endif
          return (error);
  }
  
  void
  vn_fsid(struct vnode *vp, struct vattr *va)
  {
          fsid_t *f;
  
          f = &vp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_fsid;
          va->va_fsid = (uint32_t)f->val[1];
          va->va_fsid <<= sizeof(f->val[1]) * NBBY;
          va->va_fsid += (uint32_t)f->val[0];
  }
  
  int
  vn_fsync_buf(struct vnode *vp, int waitfor)
  {
          struct buf *bp, *nbp;
          struct bufobj *bo;
          struct mount *mp;
          int error, maxretry;
  
          error = 0;
          maxretry = 10000;     /* large, arbitrarily chosen */
          mp = NULL;
          if (vp->v_type == VCHR) {
                  VI_LOCK(vp);
                  mp = vp->v_rdev->si_mountpt;
                  VI_UNLOCK(vp);
          }
          bo = &vp->v_bufobj;
          BO_LOCK(bo);
  loop1:
          /*
           * MARK/SCAN initialization to avoid infinite loops.
           */
          TAILQ_FOREACH(bp, &bo->bo_dirty.bv_hd, b_bobufs) {
                  bp->b_vflags &= ~BV_SCANNED;
                  bp->b_error = 0;
          }
  
          /*
           * Flush all dirty buffers associated with a vnode.
           */
  loop2:
          TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(bp, &bo->bo_dirty.bv_hd, b_bobufs, nbp) {
                  if ((bp->b_vflags & BV_SCANNED) != 0)
                          continue;
                  bp->b_vflags |= BV_SCANNED;
                  if (BUF_LOCK(bp, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT, NULL)) {
                          if (waitfor != MNT_WAIT)
                                  continue;
                          if (BUF_LOCK(bp,
                              LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_INTERLOCK | LK_SLEEPFAIL,
                              BO_LOCKPTR(bo)) != 0) {
                                  BO_LOCK(bo);
                                  goto loop1;
                          }
                          BO_LOCK(bo);
                  }
                  BO_UNLOCK(bo);
                  KASSERT(bp->b_bufobj == bo,
                      ("bp %p wrong b_bufobj %p should be %p",
                      bp, bp->b_bufobj, bo));
                  if ((bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI) == 0)
                          panic("fsync: not dirty");
                  if ((vp->v_object != NULL) && (bp->b_flags & B_CLUSTEROK)) {
                          vfs_bio_awrite(bp);
                  } else {
                          bremfree(bp);
                          bawrite(bp);
                  }
                  if (maxretry < 1000)
                          pause("dirty", hz < 1000 ? 1 : hz / 1000);
                  BO_LOCK(bo);
                  goto loop2;
          }
  
          /*
           * If synchronous the caller expects us to completely resolve all
           * dirty buffers in the system.  Wait for in-progress I/O to
           * complete (which could include background bitmap writes), then
           * retry if dirty blocks still exist.
           */
          if (waitfor == MNT_WAIT) {
                  bufobj_wwait(bo, 0, 0);
                  if (bo->bo_dirty.bv_cnt > 0) {
                          /*
                           * If we are unable to write any of these buffers
                           * then we fail now rather than trying endlessly
                           * to write them out.
                           */
                          TAILQ_FOREACH(bp, &bo->bo_dirty.bv_hd, b_bobufs)
                                  if ((error = bp->b_error) != 0)
                                          break;
                          if ((mp != NULL && mp->mnt_secondary_writes > 0) ||
                              (error == 0 && --maxretry >= 0))
                                  goto loop1;
                          if (error == 0)
                                  error = EAGAIN;
                  }
          }
          BO_UNLOCK(bo);
          if (error != 0)
                  vn_printf(vp, "fsync: giving up on dirty (error = %d) ", error);
  
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Copies a byte range from invp to outvp.  Calls VOP_COPY_FILE_RANGE()
   * or vn_generic_copy_file_range() after rangelocking the byte ranges,
   * to do the actual copy.
   * vn_generic_copy_file_range() is factored out, so it can be called
   * from a VOP_COPY_FILE_RANGE() call as well, but handles vnodes from
   * different file systems.
   */
  int
  vn_copy_file_range(struct vnode *invp, off_t *inoffp, struct vnode *outvp,
      off_t *outoffp, size_t *lenp, unsigned int flags, struct ucred *incred,
      struct ucred *outcred, struct thread *fsize_td)
  {
          int error;
          size_t len;
          uint64_t uval;
  
          len = *lenp;
          *lenp = 0;              /* For error returns. */
          error = 0;
  
          /* Do some sanity checks on the arguments. */
          if (invp->v_type == VDIR || outvp->v_type == VDIR)
                  error = EISDIR;
          else if (*inoffp < 0 || *outoffp < 0 ||
              invp->v_type != VREG || outvp->v_type != VREG)
                  error = EINVAL;
          if (error != 0)
                  goto out;
  
          /* Ensure offset + len does not wrap around. */
          uval = *inoffp;
          uval += len;
          if (uval > INT64_MAX)
                  len = INT64_MAX - *inoffp;
          uval = *outoffp;
          uval += len;
          if (uval > INT64_MAX)
                  len = INT64_MAX - *outoffp;
          if (len == 0)
                  goto out;
  
          /*
           * If the two vnode are for the same file system, call
           * VOP_COPY_FILE_RANGE(), otherwise call vn_generic_copy_file_range()
           * which can handle copies across multiple file systems.
           */
          *lenp = len;
          if (invp->v_mount == outvp->v_mount)
                  error = VOP_COPY_FILE_RANGE(invp, inoffp, outvp, outoffp,
                      lenp, flags, incred, outcred, fsize_td);
          else
                  error = vn_generic_copy_file_range(invp, inoffp, outvp,
                      outoffp, lenp, flags, incred, outcred, fsize_td);
  out:
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Test len bytes of data starting at dat for all bytes == 0.
   * Return true if all bytes are zero, false otherwise.
   * Expects dat to be well aligned.
   */
  static bool
  mem_iszero(void *dat, int len)
  {
          int i;
          const u_int *p;
          const char *cp;
  
          for (p = dat; len > 0; len -= sizeof(*p), p++) {
                  if (len >= sizeof(*p)) {
                          if (*p != 0)
                                  return (false);
                  } else {
                          cp = (const char *)p;
                          for (i = 0; i < len; i++, cp++)
                                  if (*cp != '\0')
                                          return (false);
                  }
          }
          return (true);
  }
  
  /*
   * Look for a hole in the output file and, if found, adjust *outoffp
   * and *xferp to skip past the hole.
   * *xferp is the entire hole length to be written and xfer2 is how many bytes
   * to be written as 0's upon return.
   */
  static off_t
  vn_skip_hole(struct vnode *outvp, off_t xfer2, off_t *outoffp, off_t *xferp,
      off_t *dataoffp, off_t *holeoffp, struct ucred *cred)
  {
          int error;
          off_t delta;
  
          if (*holeoffp == 0 || *holeoffp <= *outoffp) {
                  *dataoffp = *outoffp;
                  error = VOP_IOCTL(outvp, FIOSEEKDATA, dataoffp, 0, cred,
                      curthread);
                  if (error == 0) {
                          *holeoffp = *dataoffp;
                          error = VOP_IOCTL(outvp, FIOSEEKHOLE, holeoffp, 0, cred,
                              curthread);
                  }
                  if (error != 0 || *holeoffp == *dataoffp) {
                          /*
                           * Since outvp is unlocked, it may be possible for
                           * another thread to do a truncate(), lseek(), write()
                           * creating a hole at startoff between the above
                           * VOP_IOCTL() calls, if the other thread does not do
                           * rangelocking.
                           * If that happens, *holeoffp == *dataoffp and finding
                           * the hole has failed, so disable vn_skip_hole().
                           */
                          *holeoffp = -1; /* Disable use of vn_skip_hole(). */
                          return (xfer2);
                  }
                  KASSERT(*dataoffp >= *outoffp,
                      ("vn_skip_hole: dataoff=%jd < outoff=%jd",
                      (intmax_t)*dataoffp, (intmax_t)*outoffp));
                  KASSERT(*holeoffp > *dataoffp,
                      ("vn_skip_hole: holeoff=%jd <= dataoff=%jd",
                      (intmax_t)*holeoffp, (intmax_t)*dataoffp));
          }
  
          /*
           * If there is a hole before the data starts, advance *outoffp and
           * *xferp past the hole.
           */
          if (*dataoffp > *outoffp) {
                  delta = *dataoffp - *outoffp;
                  if (delta >= *xferp) {
                          /* Entire *xferp is a hole. */
                          *outoffp += *xferp;
                          *xferp = 0;
                          return (0);
                  }
                  *xferp -= delta;
                  *outoffp += delta;
                  xfer2 = MIN(xfer2, *xferp);
          }
  
          /*
           * If a hole starts before the end of this xfer2, reduce this xfer2 so
           * that the write ends at the start of the hole.
           * *holeoffp should always be greater than *outoffp, but for the
           * non-INVARIANTS case, check this to make sure xfer2 remains a sane
           * value.
           */
          if (*holeoffp > *outoffp && *holeoffp < *outoffp + xfer2)
                  xfer2 = *holeoffp - *outoffp;
          return (xfer2);
  }
  
  /*
   * Write an xfer sized chunk to outvp in blksize blocks from dat.
   * dat is a maximum of blksize in length and can be written repeatedly in
   * the chunk.
   * If growfile == true, just grow the file via vn_truncate_locked() instead
   * of doing actual writes.
   * If checkhole == true, a hole is being punched, so skip over any hole
   * already in the output file.
   */
  static int
  vn_write_outvp(struct vnode *outvp, char *dat, off_t outoff, off_t xfer,
      u_long blksize, bool growfile, bool checkhole, struct ucred *cred)
  {
          struct mount *mp;
          off_t dataoff, holeoff, xfer2;
          int error;
  
          /*
           * Loop around doing writes of blksize until write has been completed.
           * Lock/unlock on each loop iteration so that a bwillwrite() can be
           * done for each iteration, since the xfer argument can be very
           * large if there is a large hole to punch in the output file.
           */
          error = 0;
          holeoff = 0;
          do {
                  xfer2 = MIN(xfer, blksize);
                  if (checkhole) {
                          /*
                           * Punching a hole.  Skip writing if there is
                           * already a hole in the output file.
                           */
                          xfer2 = vn_skip_hole(outvp, xfer2, &outoff, &xfer,
                              &dataoff, &holeoff, cred);
                          if (xfer == 0)
                                  break;
                          if (holeoff < 0)
                                  checkhole = false;
                          KASSERT(xfer2 > 0, ("vn_write_outvp: xfer2=%jd",
                              (intmax_t)xfer2));
                  }
                  bwillwrite();
                  mp = NULL;
                  error = vn_start_write(outvp, &mp, V_WAIT);
                  if (error != 0)
                          break;
                  if (growfile) {
                          error = vn_lock(outvp, LK_EXCLUSIVE);
                          if (error == 0) {
                                  error = vn_truncate_locked(outvp, outoff + xfer,
                                      false, cred);
                                  VOP_UNLOCK(outvp);
                          }
                  } else {
                          error = vn_lock(outvp, vn_lktype_write(mp, outvp));
                          if (error == 0) {
                                  error = vn_rdwr(UIO_WRITE, outvp, dat, xfer2,
                                      outoff, UIO_SYSSPACE, IO_NODELOCKED,
                                      curthread->td_ucred, cred, NULL, curthread);
                                  outoff += xfer2;
                                  xfer -= xfer2;
                                  VOP_UNLOCK(outvp);
                          }
                  }
                  if (mp != NULL)
                          vn_finished_write(mp);
          } while (!growfile && xfer > 0 && error == 0);
          return (error);
  }
  
  /*
   * Copy a byte range of one file to another.  This function can handle the
   * case where invp and outvp are on different file systems.
   * It can also be called by a VOP_COPY_FILE_RANGE() to do the work, if there
   * is no better file system specific way to do it.
   */
  int
  vn_generic_copy_file_range(struct vnode *invp, off_t *inoffp,
      struct vnode *outvp, off_t *outoffp, size_t *lenp, unsigned int flags,
      struct ucred *incred, struct ucred *outcred, struct thread *fsize_td)
  {
          struct vattr va, inva;
          struct mount *mp;
          off_t startoff, endoff, xfer, xfer2;
          u_long blksize;
          int error, interrupted;
          bool cantseek, readzeros, eof, lastblock, holetoeof;
          ssize_t aresid, r = 0;
          size_t copylen, len, savlen;
          char *dat;
          long holein, holeout;
          struct timespec curts, endts;
  
          holein = holeout = 0;
          savlen = len = *lenp;
          error = 0;
          interrupted = 0;
          dat = NULL;
  
          error = vn_lock(invp, LK_SHARED);
          if (error != 0)
                  goto out;
          if (VOP_PATHCONF(invp, _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE, &holein) != 0)
                  holein = 0;
          if (holein > 0)
                  error = VOP_GETATTR(invp, &inva, incred);
          VOP_UNLOCK(invp);
          if (error != 0)
                  goto out;
  
          mp = NULL;
          error = vn_start_write(outvp, &mp, V_WAIT);
          if (error == 0)
                  error = vn_lock(outvp, LK_EXCLUSIVE);
          if (error == 0) {
                  /*
                   * If fsize_td != NULL, do a vn_rlimit_fsizex() call,
                   * now that outvp is locked.
                   */
                  if (fsize_td != NULL) {
                          struct uio io;
  
                          io.uio_offset = *outoffp;
                          io.uio_resid = len;
                          error = vn_rlimit_fsizex(outvp, &io, 0, &r, fsize_td);
                          len = savlen = io.uio_resid;
                          /*
                           * No need to call vn_rlimit_fsizex_res before return,
                           * since the uio is local.
                           */
                  }
                  if (VOP_PATHCONF(outvp, _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE, &holeout) != 0)
                          holeout = 0;
                  /*
                   * Holes that are past EOF do not need to be written as a block
                   * of zero bytes.  So, truncate the output file as far as
                   * possible and then use va.va_size to decide if writing 0
                   * bytes is necessary in the loop below.
                   */
                  if (error == 0)
                          error = VOP_GETATTR(outvp, &va, outcred);
                  if (error == 0 && va.va_size > *outoffp && va.va_size <=
                      *outoffp + len) {
  #ifdef MAC
                          error = mac_vnode_check_write(curthread->td_ucred,
                              outcred, outvp);
                          if (error == 0)
  #endif
                                  error = vn_truncate_locked(outvp, *outoffp,
                                      false, outcred);
                          if (error == 0)
                                  va.va_size = *outoffp;
                  }
                  VOP_UNLOCK(outvp);
          }
          if (mp != NULL)
                  vn_finished_write(mp);
          if (error != 0)
                  goto out;
  
          if (holein == 0 && holeout > 0) {
                  /*
                   * For this special case, the input data will be scanned
                   * for blocks of all 0 bytes.  For these blocks, the
                   * write can be skipped for the output file to create
                   * an unallocated region.
                   * Therefore, use the appropriate size for the output file.
                   */
                  blksize = holeout;
                  if (blksize <= 512) {
                          /*
                           * Use f_iosize, since ZFS reports a _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE
                           * of 512, although it actually only creates
                           * unallocated regions for blocks >= f_iosize.
                           */
                          blksize = outvp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize;
                  }
          } else {
                  /*
                   * Use the larger of the two f_iosize values.  If they are
                   * not the same size, one will normally be an exact multiple of
                   * the other, since they are both likely to be a power of 2.
                   */
                  blksize = MAX(invp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize,
                      outvp->v_mount->mnt_stat.f_iosize);
          }
  
          /* Clip to sane limits. */
          if (blksize < 4096)
                  blksize = 4096;
          else if (blksize > maxphys)
                  blksize = maxphys;
          dat = malloc(blksize, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
  
          /*
           * If VOP_IOCTL(FIOSEEKHOLE) works for invp, use it and FIOSEEKDATA
           * to find holes.  Otherwise, just scan the read block for all 0s
           * in the inner loop where the data copying is done.
           * Note that some file systems such as NFSv3, NFSv4.0 and NFSv4.1 may
           * support holes on the server, but do not support FIOSEEKHOLE.
           * The kernel flag COPY_FILE_RANGE_TIMEO1SEC is used to indicate
           * that this function should return after 1second with a partial
           * completion.
           */
          if ((flags & COPY_FILE_RANGE_TIMEO1SEC) != 0) {
                  getnanouptime(&endts);
                  endts.tv_sec++;
          } else
                  timespecclear(&endts);
          holetoeof = eof = false;
          while (len > 0 && error == 0 && !eof && interrupted == 0) {
                  endoff = 0;                     /* To shut up compilers. */
                  cantseek = true;
                  startoff = *inoffp;
                  copylen = len;
  
                  /*
                   * Find the next data area.  If there is just a hole to EOF,
                   * FIOSEEKDATA should fail with ENXIO.
                   * (I do not know if any file system will report a hole to
                   *  EOF via FIOSEEKHOLE, but I am pretty sure FIOSEEKDATA
                   *  will fail for those file systems.)
                   *
                   * For input files that don't support FIOSEEKDATA/FIOSEEKHOLE,
                   * the code just falls through to the inner copy loop.
                   */
                  error = EINVAL;
                  if (holein > 0) {
                          error = VOP_IOCTL(invp, FIOSEEKDATA, &startoff, 0,
                              incred, curthread);
                          if (error == ENXIO) {
                                  startoff = endoff = inva.va_size;
                                  eof = holetoeof = true;
                                  error = 0;
                          }
                  }
                  if (error == 0 && !holetoeof) {
                          endoff = startoff;
                          error = VOP_IOCTL(invp, FIOSEEKHOLE, &endoff, 0,
                              incred, curthread);
                          /*
                           * Since invp is unlocked, it may be possible for
                           * another thread to do a truncate(), lseek(), write()
                           * creating a hole at startoff between the above
                           * VOP_IOCTL() calls, if the other thread does not do
                           * rangelocking.
                           * If that happens, startoff == endoff and finding
                           * the hole has failed, so set an error.
                           */
                          if (error == 0 && startoff == endoff)
                                  error = EINVAL; /* Any error. Reset to 0. */
                  }
                  if (error == 0) {
                          if (startoff > *inoffp) {
                                  /* Found hole before data block. */
                                  xfer = MIN(startoff - *inoffp, len);
                                  if (*outoffp < va.va_size) {
                                          /* Must write 0s to punch hole. */
                                          xfer2 = MIN(va.va_size - *outoffp,
                                              xfer);
                                          memset(dat, 0, MIN(xfer2, blksize));
                                          error = vn_write_outvp(outvp, dat,
                                              *outoffp, xfer2, blksize, false,
                                              holeout > 0, outcred);
                                  }
  
                                  if (error == 0 && *outoffp + xfer >
                                      va.va_size && (xfer == len || holetoeof)) {
                                          /* Grow output file (hole at end). */
                                          error = vn_write_outvp(outvp, dat,
                                              *outoffp, xfer, blksize, true,
                                              false, outcred);
                                  }
                                  if (error == 0) {
                                          *inoffp += xfer;
                                          *outoffp += xfer;
                                          len -= xfer;
                                          if (len < savlen) {
                                                  interrupted = sig_intr();
                                                  if (timespecisset(&endts) &&
                                                      interrupted == 0) {
                                                          getnanouptime(&curts);
                                                          if (timespeccmp(&curts,
                                                              &endts, >=))
                                                                  interrupted =
                                                                      EINTR;
                                                  }
                                          }
                                  }
                          }
                          copylen = MIN(len, endoff - startoff);
                          cantseek = false;
                  } else {
                          cantseek = true;
                          startoff = *inoffp;
                          copylen = len;
                          error = 0;
                  }
  
                  xfer = blksize;
                  if (cantseek) {
                          /*
                           * Set first xfer to end at a block boundary, so that
                           * holes are more likely detected in the loop below via
                           * the for all bytes 0 method.
                           */
                          xfer -= (*inoffp % blksize);
                  }
                  /* Loop copying the data block. */
                  while (copylen > 0 && error == 0 && !eof && interrupted == 0) {
                          if (copylen < xfer)
                                  xfer = copylen;
                          error = vn_lock(invp, LK_SHARED);
                          if (error != 0)
                                  goto out;
                          error = vn_rdwr(UIO_READ, invp, dat, xfer,
                              startoff, UIO_SYSSPACE, IO_NODELOCKED,
                              curthread->td_ucred, incred, &aresid,
                              curthread);
                          VOP_UNLOCK(invp);
                          lastblock = false;
                          if (error == 0 && aresid > 0) {
                                  /* Stop the copy at EOF on the input file. */
                                  xfer -= aresid;
                                  eof = true;
                                  lastblock = true;
                          }
                          if (error == 0) {
                                  /*
                                   * Skip the write for holes past the initial EOF
                                   * of the output file, unless this is the last
                                   * write of the output file at EOF.
                                   */
                                  readzeros = cantseek ? mem_iszero(dat, xfer) :
                                      false;
                                  if (xfer == len)
                                          lastblock = true;
                                  if (!cantseek || *outoffp < va.va_size ||
                                      lastblock || !readzeros)
                                          error = vn_write_outvp(outvp, dat,
                                              *outoffp, xfer, blksize,
                                              readzeros && lastblock &&
                                              *outoffp >= va.va_size, false,
                                              outcred);
                                  if (error == 0) {
                                          *inoffp += xfer;
                                          startoff += xfer;
                                          *outoffp += xfer;
                                          copylen -= xfer;
                                          len -= xfer;
                                          if (len < savlen) {
                                                  interrupted = sig_intr();
                                                  if (timespecisset(&endts) &&
                                                      interrupted == 0) {
                                                          getnanouptime(&curts);
                                                          if (timespeccmp(&curts,
                                                              &endts, >=))
                                                                  interrupted =
                                                                      EINTR;
                                                  }
                                          }
                                  }
                          }
                          xfer = blksize;
                  }
          }
  out:
          *lenp = savlen - len;
          free(dat, M_TEMP);
          return (error);
  }
  
  static int
  vn_fallocate(struct file *fp, off_t offset, off_t len, struct thread *td)
  {
          struct mount *mp;
          struct vnode *vp;
          off_t olen, ooffset;
          int error;
  #ifdef AUDIT
          int audited_vnode1 = 0;
  #endif
  
          vp = fp->f_vnode;
          if (vp->v_type != VREG)
                  return (ENODEV);
  
          /* Allocating blocks may take a long time, so iterate. */
          for (;;) {
                  olen = len;
                  ooffset = offset;
  
                  bwillwrite();
                  mp = NULL;
                  error = vn_start_write(vp, &mp, V_WAIT | PCATCH);
                  if (error != 0)
                          break;
                  error = vn_lock(vp, LK_EXCLUSIVE);
                  if (error != 0) {
                          vn_finished_write(mp);
                          break;
                  }
  #ifdef AUDIT
                  if (!audited_vnode1) {
                          AUDIT_ARG_VNODE1(vp);
                          audited_vnode1 = 1;
                  }
  #endif
  #ifdef MAC
                  error = mac_vnode_check_write(td->td_ucred, fp->f_cred, vp);
                  if (error == 0)
  #endif
                          error = VOP_ALLOCATE(vp, &offset, &len, 0,
                              td->td_ucred);
                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp);
                  vn_finished_write(mp);
  
                  if (olen + ooffset != offset + len) {
                          panic("offset + len changed from %jx/%jx to %jx/%jx",
                              ooffset, olen, offset, len);
                  }
                  if (error != 0 || len == 0)
                          break;
                  KASSERT(olen > len, ("Iteration did not make progress?"));
                  maybe_yield();
          }
  
          return (error);
  }
  
  static u_long vn_lock_pair_pause_cnt;
  SYSCTL_ULONG(_debug, OID_AUTO, vn_lock_pair_pause, CTLFLAG_RD,
      &vn_lock_pair_pause_cnt, 0,
      "Count of vn_lock_pair deadlocks");
  
  u_int vn_lock_pair_pause_max;
  SYSCTL_UINT(_debug, OID_AUTO, vn_lock_pair_pause_max, CTLFLAG_RW,
      &vn_lock_pair_pause_max, 0,
      "Max ticks for vn_lock_pair deadlock avoidance sleep");
  
  static void
  vn_lock_pair_pause(const char *wmesg)
  {
          atomic_add_long(&vn_lock_pair_pause_cnt, 1);
          pause(wmesg, prng32_bounded(vn_lock_pair_pause_max));
  }
  
  /*
   * Lock pair of vnodes vp1, vp2, avoiding lock order reversal.
   * vp1_locked indicates whether vp1 is exclusively locked; if not, vp1
   * must be unlocked.  Same for vp2 and vp2_locked.  One of the vnodes
   * can be NULL.
   *
   * The function returns with both vnodes exclusively locked, and
   * guarantees that it does not create lock order reversal with other
   * threads during its execution.  Both vnodes could be unlocked
   * temporary (and reclaimed).
   */
  void
  vn_lock_pair(struct vnode *vp1, bool vp1_locked, struct vnode *vp2,
      bool vp2_locked)
  {
          int error;
  
          if (vp1 == NULL && vp2 == NULL)
                  return;
          if (vp1 != NULL) {
                  if (vp1_locked)
                          ASSERT_VOP_ELOCKED(vp1, "vp1");
                  else
                          ASSERT_VOP_UNLOCKED(vp1, "vp1");
          } else {
                  vp1_locked = true;
          }
          if (vp2 != NULL) {
                  if (vp2_locked)
                          ASSERT_VOP_ELOCKED(vp2, "vp2");
                  else
                          ASSERT_VOP_UNLOCKED(vp2, "vp2");
          } else {
                  vp2_locked = true;
          }
          if (!vp1_locked && !vp2_locked) {
                  vn_lock(vp1, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
                  vp1_locked = true;
          }
  
          for (;;) {
                  if (vp1_locked && vp2_locked)
                          break;
                  if (vp1_locked && vp2 != NULL) {
                          if (vp1 != NULL) {
                                  error = VOP_LOCK1(vp2, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT,
                                      __FILE__, __LINE__);
                                  if (error == 0)
                                          break;
                                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp1);
                                  vp1_locked = false;
                                  vn_lock_pair_pause("vlp1");
                          }
                          vn_lock(vp2, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
                          vp2_locked = true;
                  }
                  if (vp2_locked && vp1 != NULL) {
                          if (vp2 != NULL) {
                                  error = VOP_LOCK1(vp1, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_NOWAIT,
                                      __FILE__, __LINE__);
                                  if (error == 0)
                                          break;
                                  VOP_UNLOCK(vp2);
                                  vp2_locked = false;
                                  vn_lock_pair_pause("vlp2");
                          }
                          vn_lock(vp1, LK_EXCLUSIVE | LK_RETRY);
                          vp1_locked = true;
                  }
          }
          if (vp1 != NULL)
                  ASSERT_VOP_ELOCKED(vp1, "vp1 ret");
          if (vp2 != NULL)
                  ASSERT_VOP_ELOCKED(vp2, "vp2 ret");
  }
  
  int
  vn_lktype_write(struct mount *mp, struct vnode *vp)
  {
          if (MNT_SHARED_WRITES(mp) ||
              (mp == NULL && MNT_SHARED_WRITES(vp->v_mount)))
                  return (LK_SHARED);
          return (LK_EXCLUSIVE);
  }