1 /* $FreeBSD$ */
2 /* $KAME: ip6_forward.c,v 1.69 2001/05/17 03:48:30 itojun Exp $ */
3
4 /*-
5 * Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
6 * All rights reserved.
7 *
8 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
9 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
10 * are met:
11 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
12 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
13 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
14 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
15 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
16 * 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
17 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18 * without specific prior written permission.
19 *
20 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
30 * SUCH DAMAGE.
31 */
32
33 #include "opt_inet.h"
34 #include "opt_inet6.h"
35 #include "opt_ipsec.h"
36 #include "opt_ipstealth.h"
37
38 #include <sys/param.h>
39 #include <sys/systm.h>
40 #include <sys/malloc.h>
41 #include <sys/mbuf.h>
42 #include <sys/domain.h>
43 #include <sys/protosw.h>
44 #include <sys/socket.h>
45 #include <sys/errno.h>
46 #include <sys/time.h>
47 #include <sys/kernel.h>
48 #include <sys/syslog.h>
49
50 #include <net/if.h>
51 #include <net/route.h>
52 #include <net/pfil.h>
53
54 #include <netinet/in.h>
55 #include <netinet/in_var.h>
56 #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
57 #include <netinet/ip.h>
58 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
59 #include <netinet6/in6_var.h>
60 #include <netinet/ip6.h>
61 #include <netinet6/ip6_var.h>
62 #include <netinet6/scope6_var.h>
63 #include <netinet/icmp6.h>
64 #include <netinet6/nd6.h>
65
66 #include <netinet/in_pcb.h>
67
68 #ifdef IPSEC
69 #include <netipsec/ipsec.h>
70 #include <netipsec/ipsec6.h>
71 #include <netipsec/key.h>
72 #endif /* IPSEC */
73
74 #include <netinet6/ip6protosw.h>
75
76 struct route_in6 ip6_forward_rt;
77
78 /*
79 * Forward a packet. If some error occurs return the sender
80 * an icmp packet. Note we can't always generate a meaningful
81 * icmp message because icmp doesn't have a large enough repertoire
82 * of codes and types.
83 *
84 * If not forwarding, just drop the packet. This could be confusing
85 * if ipforwarding was zero but some routing protocol was advancing
86 * us as a gateway to somewhere. However, we must let the routing
87 * protocol deal with that.
88 *
89 */
90 void
91 ip6_forward(struct mbuf *m, int srcrt)
92 {
93 struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);
94 struct sockaddr_in6 *dst = NULL;
95 struct rtentry *rt = NULL;
96 int error, type = 0, code = 0;
97 struct mbuf *mcopy = NULL;
98 struct ifnet *origifp; /* maybe unnecessary */
99 u_int32_t inzone, outzone;
100 struct in6_addr src_in6, dst_in6;
101 #ifdef IPSEC
102 struct secpolicy *sp = NULL;
103 int ipsecrt = 0;
104 #endif
105 char ip6bufs[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN], ip6bufd[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
106
107 GIANT_REQUIRED; /* XXX bz: ip6_forward_rt */
108
109 #ifdef IPSEC
110 /*
111 * Check AH/ESP integrity.
112 */
113 /*
114 * Don't increment ip6s_cantforward because this is the check
115 * before forwarding packet actually.
116 */
117 if (ipsec6_in_reject(m, NULL)) {
118 ipsec6stat.in_polvio++;
119 m_freem(m);
120 return;
121 }
122 #endif /* IPSEC */
123
124 /*
125 * Do not forward packets to multicast destination (should be handled
126 * by ip6_mforward().
127 * Do not forward packets with unspecified source. It was discussed
128 * in July 2000, on the ipngwg mailing list.
129 */
130 if ((m->m_flags & (M_BCAST|M_MCAST)) != 0 ||
131 IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST(&ip6->ip6_dst) ||
132 IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&ip6->ip6_src)) {
133 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
134 /* XXX in6_ifstat_inc(rt->rt_ifp, ifs6_in_discard) */
135 if (ip6_log_time + ip6_log_interval < time_second) {
136 ip6_log_time = time_second;
137 log(LOG_DEBUG,
138 "cannot forward "
139 "from %s to %s nxt %d received on %s\n",
140 ip6_sprintf(ip6bufs, &ip6->ip6_src),
141 ip6_sprintf(ip6bufd, &ip6->ip6_dst),
142 ip6->ip6_nxt,
143 if_name(m->m_pkthdr.rcvif));
144 }
145 m_freem(m);
146 return;
147 }
148
149 #ifdef IPSTEALTH
150 if (!ip6stealth) {
151 #endif
152 if (ip6->ip6_hlim <= IPV6_HLIMDEC) {
153 /* XXX in6_ifstat_inc(rt->rt_ifp, ifs6_in_discard) */
154 icmp6_error(m, ICMP6_TIME_EXCEEDED,
155 ICMP6_TIME_EXCEED_TRANSIT, 0);
156 return;
157 }
158 ip6->ip6_hlim -= IPV6_HLIMDEC;
159
160 #ifdef IPSTEALTH
161 }
162 #endif
163
164 /*
165 * Save at most ICMPV6_PLD_MAXLEN (= the min IPv6 MTU -
166 * size of IPv6 + ICMPv6 headers) bytes of the packet in case
167 * we need to generate an ICMP6 message to the src.
168 * Thanks to M_EXT, in most cases copy will not occur.
169 *
170 * It is important to save it before IPsec processing as IPsec
171 * processing may modify the mbuf.
172 */
173 mcopy = m_copy(m, 0, imin(m->m_pkthdr.len, ICMPV6_PLD_MAXLEN));
174
175 #ifdef IPSEC
176 /* get a security policy for this packet */
177 sp = ipsec_getpolicybyaddr(m, IPSEC_DIR_OUTBOUND,
178 IP_FORWARDING, &error);
179 if (sp == NULL) {
180 ipsec6stat.out_inval++;
181 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
182 if (mcopy) {
183 #if 0
184 /* XXX: what icmp ? */
185 #else
186 m_freem(mcopy);
187 #endif
188 }
189 m_freem(m);
190 return;
191 }
192
193 error = 0;
194
195 /* check policy */
196 switch (sp->policy) {
197 case IPSEC_POLICY_DISCARD:
198 /*
199 * This packet is just discarded.
200 */
201 ipsec6stat.out_polvio++;
202 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
203 KEY_FREESP(&sp);
204 if (mcopy) {
205 #if 0
206 /* XXX: what icmp ? */
207 #else
208 m_freem(mcopy);
209 #endif
210 }
211 m_freem(m);
212 return;
213
214 case IPSEC_POLICY_BYPASS:
215 case IPSEC_POLICY_NONE:
216 /* no need to do IPsec. */
217 KEY_FREESP(&sp);
218 goto skip_ipsec;
219
220 case IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC:
221 if (sp->req == NULL) {
222 /* XXX should be panic ? */
223 printf("ip6_forward: No IPsec request specified.\n");
224 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
225 KEY_FREESP(&sp);
226 if (mcopy) {
227 #if 0
228 /* XXX: what icmp ? */
229 #else
230 m_freem(mcopy);
231 #endif
232 }
233 m_freem(m);
234 return;
235 }
236 /* do IPsec */
237 break;
238
239 case IPSEC_POLICY_ENTRUST:
240 default:
241 /* should be panic ?? */
242 printf("ip6_forward: Invalid policy found. %d\n", sp->policy);
243 KEY_FREESP(&sp);
244 goto skip_ipsec;
245 }
246
247 {
248 struct ipsecrequest *isr = NULL;
249 struct ipsec_output_state state;
250
251 /*
252 * when the kernel forwards a packet, it is not proper to apply
253 * IPsec transport mode to the packet is not proper. this check
254 * avoid from this.
255 * at present, if there is even a transport mode SA request in the
256 * security policy, the kernel does not apply IPsec to the packet.
257 * this check is not enough because the following case is valid.
258 * ipsec esp/tunnel/xxx-xxx/require esp/transport//require;
259 */
260 for (isr = sp->req; isr; isr = isr->next) {
261 if (isr->saidx.mode == IPSEC_MODE_ANY)
262 goto doipsectunnel;
263 if (isr->saidx.mode == IPSEC_MODE_TUNNEL)
264 goto doipsectunnel;
265 }
266
267 /*
268 * if there's no need for tunnel mode IPsec, skip.
269 */
270 if (!isr)
271 goto skip_ipsec;
272
273 doipsectunnel:
274 /*
275 * All the extension headers will become inaccessible
276 * (since they can be encrypted).
277 * Don't panic, we need no more updates to extension headers
278 * on inner IPv6 packet (since they are now encapsulated).
279 *
280 * IPv6 [ESP|AH] IPv6 [extension headers] payload
281 */
282 bzero(&state, sizeof(state));
283 state.m = m;
284 state.ro = NULL; /* update at ipsec6_output_tunnel() */
285 state.dst = NULL; /* update at ipsec6_output_tunnel() */
286
287 error = ipsec6_output_tunnel(&state, sp, 0);
288
289 m = state.m;
290 KEY_FREESP(&sp);
291
292 if (error) {
293 /* mbuf is already reclaimed in ipsec6_output_tunnel. */
294 switch (error) {
295 case EHOSTUNREACH:
296 case ENETUNREACH:
297 case EMSGSIZE:
298 case ENOBUFS:
299 case ENOMEM:
300 break;
301 default:
302 printf("ip6_output (ipsec): error code %d\n", error);
303 /* FALLTHROUGH */
304 case ENOENT:
305 /* don't show these error codes to the user */
306 break;
307 }
308 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
309 if (mcopy) {
310 #if 0
311 /* XXX: what icmp ? */
312 #else
313 m_freem(mcopy);
314 #endif
315 }
316 m_freem(m);
317 return;
318 } else {
319 /*
320 * In the FAST IPSec case we have already
321 * re-injected the packet and it has been freed
322 * by the ipsec_done() function. So, just clean
323 * up after ourselves.
324 */
325 m = NULL;
326 goto freecopy;
327 }
328
329 if ((m != NULL) && (ip6 != mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *)) ){
330 /*
331 * now tunnel mode headers are added. we are originating
332 * packet instead of forwarding the packet.
333 */
334 ip6_output(m, NULL, NULL, IPV6_FORWARDING/*XXX*/, NULL, NULL,
335 NULL);
336 goto freecopy;
337 }
338
339 /* adjust pointer */
340 dst = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)state.dst;
341 rt = state.ro ? state.ro->ro_rt : NULL;
342 if (dst != NULL && rt != NULL)
343 ipsecrt = 1;
344 }
345 skip_ipsec:
346 #endif /* IPSEC */
347
348 #ifdef IPSEC
349 if (ipsecrt)
350 goto skip_routing;
351 #endif
352
353 dst = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)&ip6_forward_rt.ro_dst;
354 if (!srcrt) {
355 /* ip6_forward_rt.ro_dst.sin6_addr is equal to ip6->ip6_dst */
356 if (ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt == 0 ||
357 (ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt->rt_flags & RTF_UP) == 0) {
358 if (ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt) {
359 RTFREE(ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt);
360 ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt = 0;
361 }
362
363 /* this probably fails but give it a try again */
364 rtalloc((struct route *)&ip6_forward_rt);
365 }
366
367 if (ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt == 0) {
368 ip6stat.ip6s_noroute++;
369 in6_ifstat_inc(m->m_pkthdr.rcvif, ifs6_in_noroute);
370 if (mcopy) {
371 icmp6_error(mcopy, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH,
372 ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOROUTE, 0);
373 }
374 m_freem(m);
375 return;
376 }
377 } else if ((rt = ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt) == 0 ||
378 !IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&ip6->ip6_dst, &dst->sin6_addr)) {
379 if (ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt) {
380 RTFREE(ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt);
381 ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt = 0;
382 }
383 bzero(dst, sizeof(*dst));
384 dst->sin6_len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
385 dst->sin6_family = AF_INET6;
386 dst->sin6_addr = ip6->ip6_dst;
387
388 rtalloc((struct route *)&ip6_forward_rt);
389 if (ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt == 0) {
390 ip6stat.ip6s_noroute++;
391 in6_ifstat_inc(m->m_pkthdr.rcvif, ifs6_in_noroute);
392 if (mcopy) {
393 icmp6_error(mcopy, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH,
394 ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_NOROUTE, 0);
395 }
396 m_freem(m);
397 return;
398 }
399 }
400 rt = ip6_forward_rt.ro_rt;
401 #ifdef IPSEC
402 skip_routing:;
403 #endif
404
405 /*
406 * Source scope check: if a packet can't be delivered to its
407 * destination for the reason that the destination is beyond the scope
408 * of the source address, discard the packet and return an icmp6
409 * destination unreachable error with Code 2 (beyond scope of source
410 * address). We use a local copy of ip6_src, since in6_setscope()
411 * will possibly modify its first argument.
412 * [draft-ietf-ipngwg-icmp-v3-04.txt, Section 3.1]
413 */
414 src_in6 = ip6->ip6_src;
415 if (in6_setscope(&src_in6, rt->rt_ifp, &outzone)) {
416 /* XXX: this should not happen */
417 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
418 ip6stat.ip6s_badscope++;
419 m_freem(m);
420 return;
421 }
422 if (in6_setscope(&src_in6, m->m_pkthdr.rcvif, &inzone)) {
423 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
424 ip6stat.ip6s_badscope++;
425 m_freem(m);
426 return;
427 }
428 if (inzone != outzone
429 #ifdef IPSEC
430 && !ipsecrt
431 #endif
432 ) {
433 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
434 ip6stat.ip6s_badscope++;
435 in6_ifstat_inc(rt->rt_ifp, ifs6_in_discard);
436
437 if (ip6_log_time + ip6_log_interval < time_second) {
438 ip6_log_time = time_second;
439 log(LOG_DEBUG,
440 "cannot forward "
441 "src %s, dst %s, nxt %d, rcvif %s, outif %s\n",
442 ip6_sprintf(ip6bufs, &ip6->ip6_src),
443 ip6_sprintf(ip6bufd, &ip6->ip6_dst),
444 ip6->ip6_nxt,
445 if_name(m->m_pkthdr.rcvif), if_name(rt->rt_ifp));
446 }
447 if (mcopy)
448 icmp6_error(mcopy, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH,
449 ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_BEYONDSCOPE, 0);
450 m_freem(m);
451 return;
452 }
453
454 /*
455 * Destination scope check: if a packet is going to break the scope
456 * zone of packet's destination address, discard it. This case should
457 * usually be prevented by appropriately-configured routing table, but
458 * we need an explicit check because we may mistakenly forward the
459 * packet to a different zone by (e.g.) a default route.
460 */
461 dst_in6 = ip6->ip6_dst;
462 if (in6_setscope(&dst_in6, m->m_pkthdr.rcvif, &inzone) != 0 ||
463 in6_setscope(&dst_in6, rt->rt_ifp, &outzone) != 0 ||
464 inzone != outzone) {
465 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
466 ip6stat.ip6s_badscope++;
467 m_freem(m);
468 return;
469 }
470
471 if (m->m_pkthdr.len > IN6_LINKMTU(rt->rt_ifp)) {
472 in6_ifstat_inc(rt->rt_ifp, ifs6_in_toobig);
473 if (mcopy) {
474 u_long mtu;
475 #ifdef IPSEC
476 struct secpolicy *sp;
477 int ipsecerror;
478 size_t ipsechdrsiz;
479 #endif /* IPSEC */
480
481 mtu = IN6_LINKMTU(rt->rt_ifp);
482 #ifdef IPSEC
483 /*
484 * When we do IPsec tunnel ingress, we need to play
485 * with the link value (decrement IPsec header size
486 * from mtu value). The code is much simpler than v4
487 * case, as we have the outgoing interface for
488 * encapsulated packet as "rt->rt_ifp".
489 */
490 sp = ipsec_getpolicybyaddr(mcopy, IPSEC_DIR_OUTBOUND,
491 IP_FORWARDING, &ipsecerror);
492 if (sp) {
493 ipsechdrsiz = ipsec6_hdrsiz(mcopy,
494 IPSEC_DIR_OUTBOUND, NULL);
495 if (ipsechdrsiz < mtu)
496 mtu -= ipsechdrsiz;
497 }
498
499 /*
500 * if mtu becomes less than minimum MTU,
501 * tell minimum MTU (and I'll need to fragment it).
502 */
503 if (mtu < IPV6_MMTU)
504 mtu = IPV6_MMTU;
505 #endif /* IPSEC */
506 icmp6_error(mcopy, ICMP6_PACKET_TOO_BIG, 0, mtu);
507 }
508 m_freem(m);
509 return;
510 }
511
512 if (rt->rt_flags & RTF_GATEWAY)
513 dst = (struct sockaddr_in6 *)rt->rt_gateway;
514
515 /*
516 * If we are to forward the packet using the same interface
517 * as one we got the packet from, perhaps we should send a redirect
518 * to sender to shortcut a hop.
519 * Only send redirect if source is sending directly to us,
520 * and if packet was not source routed (or has any options).
521 * Also, don't send redirect if forwarding using a route
522 * modified by a redirect.
523 */
524 if (ip6_sendredirects && rt->rt_ifp == m->m_pkthdr.rcvif && !srcrt &&
525 #ifdef IPSEC
526 !ipsecrt &&
527 #endif /* IPSEC */
528 (rt->rt_flags & (RTF_DYNAMIC|RTF_MODIFIED)) == 0) {
529 if ((rt->rt_ifp->if_flags & IFF_POINTOPOINT) != 0) {
530 /*
531 * If the incoming interface is equal to the outgoing
532 * one, and the link attached to the interface is
533 * point-to-point, then it will be highly probable
534 * that a routing loop occurs. Thus, we immediately
535 * drop the packet and send an ICMPv6 error message.
536 *
537 * type/code is based on suggestion by Rich Draves.
538 * not sure if it is the best pick.
539 */
540 icmp6_error(mcopy, ICMP6_DST_UNREACH,
541 ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_ADDR, 0);
542 m_freem(m);
543 return;
544 }
545 type = ND_REDIRECT;
546 }
547
548 /*
549 * Fake scoped addresses. Note that even link-local source or
550 * destinaion can appear, if the originating node just sends the
551 * packet to us (without address resolution for the destination).
552 * Since both icmp6_error and icmp6_redirect_output fill the embedded
553 * link identifiers, we can do this stuff after making a copy for
554 * returning an error.
555 */
556 if ((rt->rt_ifp->if_flags & IFF_LOOPBACK) != 0) {
557 /*
558 * See corresponding comments in ip6_output.
559 * XXX: but is it possible that ip6_forward() sends a packet
560 * to a loopback interface? I don't think so, and thus
561 * I bark here. (jinmei@kame.net)
562 * XXX: it is common to route invalid packets to loopback.
563 * also, the codepath will be visited on use of ::1 in
564 * rthdr. (itojun)
565 */
566 #if 1
567 if (0)
568 #else
569 if ((rt->rt_flags & (RTF_BLACKHOLE|RTF_REJECT)) == 0)
570 #endif
571 {
572 printf("ip6_forward: outgoing interface is loopback. "
573 "src %s, dst %s, nxt %d, rcvif %s, outif %s\n",
574 ip6_sprintf(ip6bufs, &ip6->ip6_src),
575 ip6_sprintf(ip6bufd, &ip6->ip6_dst),
576 ip6->ip6_nxt, if_name(m->m_pkthdr.rcvif),
577 if_name(rt->rt_ifp));
578 }
579
580 /* we can just use rcvif in forwarding. */
581 origifp = m->m_pkthdr.rcvif;
582 }
583 else
584 origifp = rt->rt_ifp;
585 /*
586 * clear embedded scope identifiers if necessary.
587 * in6_clearscope will touch the addresses only when necessary.
588 */
589 in6_clearscope(&ip6->ip6_src);
590 in6_clearscope(&ip6->ip6_dst);
591
592 /* Jump over all PFIL processing if hooks are not active. */
593 if (!PFIL_HOOKED(&inet6_pfil_hook))
594 goto pass;
595
596 /* Run through list of hooks for output packets. */
597 error = pfil_run_hooks(&inet6_pfil_hook, &m, rt->rt_ifp, PFIL_OUT, NULL);
598 if (error != 0)
599 goto senderr;
600 if (m == NULL)
601 goto freecopy;
602 ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);
603
604 pass:
605 error = nd6_output(rt->rt_ifp, origifp, m, dst, rt);
606 if (error) {
607 in6_ifstat_inc(rt->rt_ifp, ifs6_out_discard);
608 ip6stat.ip6s_cantforward++;
609 } else {
610 ip6stat.ip6s_forward++;
611 in6_ifstat_inc(rt->rt_ifp, ifs6_out_forward);
612 if (type)
613 ip6stat.ip6s_redirectsent++;
614 else {
615 if (mcopy)
616 goto freecopy;
617 }
618 }
619
620 senderr:
621 if (mcopy == NULL)
622 return;
623 switch (error) {
624 case 0:
625 if (type == ND_REDIRECT) {
626 icmp6_redirect_output(mcopy, rt);
627 return;
628 }
629 goto freecopy;
630
631 case EMSGSIZE:
632 /* xxx MTU is constant in PPP? */
633 goto freecopy;
634
635 case ENOBUFS:
636 /* Tell source to slow down like source quench in IP? */
637 goto freecopy;
638
639 case ENETUNREACH: /* shouldn't happen, checked above */
640 case EHOSTUNREACH:
641 case ENETDOWN:
642 case EHOSTDOWN:
643 default:
644 type = ICMP6_DST_UNREACH;
645 code = ICMP6_DST_UNREACH_ADDR;
646 break;
647 }
648 icmp6_error(mcopy, type, code, 0);
649 return;
650
651 freecopy:
652 m_freem(mcopy);
653 return;
654 }
Cache object: 2e8c2f773d7fdd19bb7062d4955301a7
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