FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/ufs/ffs/fs.h

     /*
      * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1993
      *      The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
      *
      * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
      * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
      * are met:
      * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
      *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
     *    must display the following acknowledgement:
     *      This product includes software developed by the University of
     *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
     * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
     *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
     *    without specific prior written permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
     * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
     * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
     * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
     * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
     * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
     * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     * SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     *      @(#)fs.h        8.13 (Berkeley) 3/21/95
     * $FreeBSD: releng/5.0/sys/ufs/ffs/fs.h 107294 2002-11-27 02:18:58Z mckusick $
     */
    
    #ifndef _UFS_FFS_FS_H_
    #define _UFS_FFS_FS_H_
    
    /*
     * Each disk drive contains some number of filesystems.
     * A filesystem consists of a number of cylinder groups.
     * Each cylinder group has inodes and data.
     *
     * A filesystem is described by its super-block, which in turn
     * describes the cylinder groups.  The super-block is critical
     * data and is replicated in each cylinder group to protect against
     * catastrophic loss.  This is done at `newfs' time and the critical
     * super-block data does not change, so the copies need not be
     * referenced further unless disaster strikes.
     *
     * For filesystem fs, the offsets of the various blocks of interest
     * are given in the super block as:
     *      [fs->fs_sblkno]         Super-block
     *      [fs->fs_cblkno]         Cylinder group block
     *      [fs->fs_iblkno]         Inode blocks
     *      [fs->fs_dblkno]         Data blocks
     * The beginning of cylinder group cg in fs, is given by
     * the ``cgbase(fs, cg)'' macro.
     *
     * Depending on the architecture and the media, the superblock may
     * reside in any one of four places. For tiny media where every block 
     * counts, it is placed at the very front of the partition. Historically,
     * UFS1 placed it 8K from the front to leave room for the disk label and
     * a small bootstrap. For UFS2 it got moved to 64K from the front to leave
     * room for the disk label and a bigger bootstrap, and for really piggy
     * systems we check at 256K from the front if the first three fail. In
     * all cases the size of the superblock will be SBLOCKSIZE. All values are
     * given in byte-offset form, so they do not imply a sector size. The
     * SBLOCKSEARCH specifies the order in which the locations should be searched.
     */
    #define SBLOCK_FLOPPY        0
    #define SBLOCK_UFS1       8192
    #define SBLOCK_UFS2      65536
    #define SBLOCK_PIGGY    262144
    #define SBLOCKSIZE        8192
    #define SBLOCKSEARCH \
            { SBLOCK_UFS2, SBLOCK_UFS1, SBLOCK_FLOPPY, SBLOCK_PIGGY, -1 }
    
    /*
     * Max number of fragments per block. This value is NOT tweakable.
     */
    #define MAXFRAG         8
    
    /*
     * Addresses stored in inodes are capable of addressing fragments
     * of `blocks'. File system blocks of at most size MAXBSIZE can
     * be optionally broken into 2, 4, or 8 pieces, each of which is
     * addressable; these pieces may be DEV_BSIZE, or some multiple of
     * a DEV_BSIZE unit.
     *
     * Large files consist of exclusively large data blocks.  To avoid
     * undue wasted disk space, the last data block of a small file may be
     * allocated as only as many fragments of a large block as are
     * necessary.  The filesystem format retains only a single pointer
     * to such a fragment, which is a piece of a single large block that
     * has been divided.  The size of such a fragment is determinable from
     * information in the inode, using the ``blksize(fs, ip, lbn)'' macro.
     *
    * The filesystem records space availability at the fragment level;
    * to determine block availability, aligned fragments are examined.
    */
   
   /*
    * MINBSIZE is the smallest allowable block size.
    * In order to insure that it is possible to create files of size
    * 2^32 with only two levels of indirection, MINBSIZE is set to 4096.
    * MINBSIZE must be big enough to hold a cylinder group block,
    * thus changes to (struct cg) must keep its size within MINBSIZE.
    * Note that super blocks are always of size SBSIZE,
    * and that both SBSIZE and MAXBSIZE must be >= MINBSIZE.
    */
   #define MINBSIZE        4096
   
   /*
    * The path name on which the filesystem is mounted is maintained
    * in fs_fsmnt. MAXMNTLEN defines the amount of space allocated in
    * the super block for this name.
    */
   #define MAXMNTLEN       512
   
   /*
    * There is a 128-byte region in the superblock reserved for in-core
    * pointers to summary information. Originally this included an array
    * of pointers to blocks of struct csum; now there are just a few
    * pointers and the remaining space is padded with fs_ocsp[].
    *
    * NOCSPTRS determines the size of this padding. One pointer (fs_csp)
    * is taken away to point to a contiguous array of struct csum for
    * all cylinder groups; a second (fs_maxcluster) points to an array
    * of cluster sizes that is computed as cylinder groups are inspected,
    * and the third points to an array that tracks the creation of new
    * directories. A fourth pointer, fs_active, is used when creating
    * snapshots; it points to a bitmap of cylinder groups for which the
    * free-block bitmap has changed since the snapshot operation began.
    */
   #define NOCSPTRS        ((128 / sizeof(void *)) - 4)
   
   /*
    * A summary of contiguous blocks of various sizes is maintained
    * in each cylinder group. Normally this is set by the initial
    * value of fs_maxcontig. To conserve space, a maximum summary size
    * is set by FS_MAXCONTIG.
    */
   #define FS_MAXCONTIG    16
   
   /*
    * MINFREE gives the minimum acceptable percentage of filesystem
    * blocks which may be free. If the freelist drops below this level
    * only the superuser may continue to allocate blocks. This may
    * be set to 0 if no reserve of free blocks is deemed necessary,
    * however throughput drops by fifty percent if the filesystem
    * is run at between 95% and 100% full; thus the minimum default
    * value of fs_minfree is 5%. However, to get good clustering
    * performance, 10% is a better choice. hence we use 10% as our
    * default value. With 10% free space, fragmentation is not a
    * problem, so we choose to optimize for time.
    */
   #define MINFREE         8
   #define DEFAULTOPT      FS_OPTTIME
   
   /*
    * Grigoriy Orlov <gluk@ptci.ru> has done some extensive work to fine
    * tune the layout preferences for directories within a filesystem.
    * His algorithm can be tuned by adjusting the following parameters
    * which tell the system the average file size and the average number
    * of files per directory. These defaults are well selected for typical
    * filesystems, but may need to be tuned for odd cases like filesystems
    * being used for sqiud caches or news spools.
    */
   #define AVFILESIZ       16384   /* expected average file size */
   #define AFPDIR          64      /* expected number of files per directory */
   
   /*
    * The maximum number of snapshot nodes that can be associated
    * with each filesystem. This limit affects only the number of
    * snapshot files that can be recorded within the superblock so
    * that they can be found when the filesystem is mounted. However,
    * maintaining too many will slow the filesystem performance, so
    * having this limit is a good idea.
    */
   #define FSMAXSNAP 20
   
   /*
    * Used to identify special blocks in snapshots:
    *
    * BLK_NOCOPY - A block that was unallocated at the time the snapshot
    *      was taken, hence does not need to be copied when written.
    * BLK_SNAP - A block held by another snapshot that is not needed by this
    *      snapshot. When the other snapshot is freed, the BLK_SNAP entries
    *      are converted to BLK_NOCOPY. These are needed to allow fsck to
    *      identify blocks that are in use by other snapshots (which are
    *      expunged from this snapshot).
    */
   #define BLK_NOCOPY ((ufs2_daddr_t)(1))
   #define BLK_SNAP ((ufs2_daddr_t)(2))
   
   /*
    * Sysctl values for the fast filesystem.
    */
   #define FFS_ADJ_REFCNT           1      /* adjust inode reference count */
   #define FFS_ADJ_BLKCNT           2      /* adjust inode used block count */
   #define FFS_BLK_FREE             3      /* free range of blocks in map */
   #define FFS_DIR_FREE             4      /* free specified dir inodes in map */
   #define FFS_FILE_FREE            5      /* free specified file inodes in map */
   #define FFS_SET_FLAGS            6      /* set filesystem flags */
   #define FFS_MAXID                7      /* number of valid ffs ids */
   
   /*
    * Command structure passed in to the filesystem to adjust filesystem values.
    */
   #define FFS_CMD_VERSION         0x19790518      /* version ID */
   struct fsck_cmd {
           int32_t version;        /* version of command structure */
           int32_t handle;         /* reference to filesystem to be changed */
           int64_t value;          /* inode or block number to be affected */
           int64_t size;           /* amount or range to be adjusted */
           int64_t spare;          /* reserved for future use */
   };
   
   /*
    * Per cylinder group information; summarized in blocks allocated
    * from first cylinder group data blocks.  These blocks have to be
    * read in from fs_csaddr (size fs_cssize) in addition to the
    * super block.
    */
   struct csum {
           int32_t cs_ndir;                /* number of directories */
           int32_t cs_nbfree;              /* number of free blocks */
           int32_t cs_nifree;              /* number of free inodes */
           int32_t cs_nffree;              /* number of free frags */
   };
   struct csum_total {
           int64_t cs_ndir;                /* number of directories */
           int64_t cs_nbfree;              /* number of free blocks */
           int64_t cs_nifree;              /* number of free inodes */
           int64_t cs_nffree;              /* number of free frags */
           int64_t cs_numclusters;         /* number of free clusters */
           int64_t cs_spare[3];            /* future expansion */
   };
   
   /*
    * Super block for an FFS filesystem.
    */
   struct fs {
           int32_t  fs_firstfield;         /* historic filesystem linked list, */
           int32_t  fs_unused_1;           /*     used for incore super blocks */
           int32_t  fs_sblkno;             /* offset of super-block in filesys */
           int32_t  fs_cblkno;             /* offset of cyl-block in filesys */
           int32_t  fs_iblkno;             /* offset of inode-blocks in filesys */
           int32_t  fs_dblkno;             /* offset of first data after cg */
           int32_t  fs_old_cgoffset;       /* cylinder group offset in cylinder */
           int32_t  fs_old_cgmask;         /* used to calc mod fs_ntrak */
           int32_t  fs_old_time;           /* last time written */
           int32_t  fs_old_size;           /* number of blocks in fs */
           int32_t  fs_old_dsize;          /* number of data blocks in fs */
           int32_t  fs_ncg;                /* number of cylinder groups */
           int32_t  fs_bsize;              /* size of basic blocks in fs */
           int32_t  fs_fsize;              /* size of frag blocks in fs */
           int32_t  fs_frag;               /* number of frags in a block in fs */
   /* these are configuration parameters */
           int32_t  fs_minfree;            /* minimum percentage of free blocks */
           int32_t  fs_old_rotdelay;       /* num of ms for optimal next block */
           int32_t  fs_old_rps;            /* disk revolutions per second */
   /* these fields can be computed from the others */
           int32_t  fs_bmask;              /* ``blkoff'' calc of blk offsets */
           int32_t  fs_fmask;              /* ``fragoff'' calc of frag offsets */
           int32_t  fs_bshift;             /* ``lblkno'' calc of logical blkno */
           int32_t  fs_fshift;             /* ``numfrags'' calc number of frags */
   /* these are configuration parameters */
           int32_t  fs_maxcontig;          /* max number of contiguous blks */
           int32_t  fs_maxbpg;             /* max number of blks per cyl group */
   /* these fields can be computed from the others */
           int32_t  fs_fragshift;          /* block to frag shift */
           int32_t  fs_fsbtodb;            /* fsbtodb and dbtofsb shift constant */
           int32_t  fs_sbsize;             /* actual size of super block */
           int32_t  fs_spare1[2];          /* old fs_csmask */
                                           /* old fs_csshift */
           int32_t  fs_nindir;             /* value of NINDIR */
           int32_t  fs_inopb;              /* value of INOPB */
           int32_t  fs_old_nspf;           /* value of NSPF */
   /* yet another configuration parameter */
           int32_t  fs_optim;              /* optimization preference, see below */
           int32_t  fs_old_npsect;         /* # sectors/track including spares */
           int32_t  fs_old_interleave;     /* hardware sector interleave */
           int32_t  fs_old_trackskew;      /* sector 0 skew, per track */
           int32_t  fs_id[2];              /* unique filesystem id */
   /* sizes determined by number of cylinder groups and their sizes */
           int32_t  fs_old_csaddr;         /* blk addr of cyl grp summary area */
           int32_t  fs_cssize;             /* size of cyl grp summary area */
           int32_t  fs_cgsize;             /* cylinder group size */
           int32_t  fs_spare2;             /* old fs_ntrak */
           int32_t  fs_old_nsect;          /* sectors per track */
           int32_t  fs_old_spc;            /* sectors per cylinder */
           int32_t  fs_old_ncyl;           /* cylinders in filesystem */
           int32_t  fs_old_cpg;            /* cylinders per group */
           int32_t  fs_ipg;                /* inodes per group */
           int32_t  fs_fpg;                /* blocks per group * fs_frag */
   /* this data must be re-computed after crashes */
           struct  csum fs_old_cstotal;    /* cylinder summary information */
   /* these fields are cleared at mount time */
           int8_t   fs_fmod;               /* super block modified flag */
           int8_t   fs_clean;              /* filesystem is clean flag */
           int8_t   fs_ronly;              /* mounted read-only flag */
           int8_t   fs_old_flags;          /* old FS_ flags */
           u_char   fs_fsmnt[MAXMNTLEN];   /* name mounted on */
   /* these fields retain the current block allocation info */
           int32_t  fs_cgrotor;            /* last cg searched */
           void    *fs_ocsp[NOCSPTRS];     /* padding; was list of fs_cs buffers */
           u_int8_t *fs_contigdirs;        /* # of contiguously allocated dirs */
           struct  csum *fs_csp;           /* cg summary info buffer for fs_cs */
           int32_t *fs_maxcluster;         /* max cluster in each cyl group */
           u_int   *fs_active;             /* used by snapshots to track fs */
           int32_t  fs_old_cpc;            /* cyl per cycle in postbl */
           int32_t  fs_maxbsize;           /* maximum blocking factor permitted */
           int64_t  fs_sparecon64[17];     /* old rotation block list head */
           int64_t  fs_sblockloc;          /* byte offset of standard superblock */
           struct  csum_total fs_cstotal;  /* cylinder summary information */
           ufs_time_t fs_time;             /* last time written */
           int64_t  fs_size;               /* number of blocks in fs */
           int64_t  fs_dsize;              /* number of data blocks in fs */
           ufs2_daddr_t fs_csaddr;         /* blk addr of cyl grp summary area */
           int64_t  fs_pendingblocks;      /* blocks in process of being freed */
           int32_t  fs_pendinginodes;      /* inodes in process of being freed */
           int32_t  fs_snapinum[FSMAXSNAP];/* list of snapshot inode numbers */
           int32_t  fs_avgfilesize;        /* expected average file size */
           int32_t  fs_avgfpdir;           /* expected # of files per directory */
           int32_t  fs_save_cgsize;        /* save real cg size to use fs_bsize */
           int32_t  fs_sparecon32[26];     /* reserved for future constants */
           int32_t  fs_flags;              /* see FS_ flags below */
           int32_t  fs_contigsumsize;      /* size of cluster summary array */ 
           int32_t  fs_maxsymlinklen;      /* max length of an internal symlink */
           int32_t  fs_old_inodefmt;       /* format of on-disk inodes */
           u_int64_t fs_maxfilesize;       /* maximum representable file size */
           int64_t  fs_qbmask;             /* ~fs_bmask for use with 64-bit size */
           int64_t  fs_qfmask;             /* ~fs_fmask for use with 64-bit size */
           int32_t  fs_state;              /* validate fs_clean field */
           int32_t  fs_old_postblformat;   /* format of positional layout tables */
           int32_t  fs_old_nrpos;          /* number of rotational positions */
           int32_t  fs_spare5[2];          /* old fs_postbloff */
                                           /* old fs_rotbloff */
           int32_t  fs_magic;              /* magic number */
   };
   
   /*
    * Filesystem identification
    */
   #define FS_UFS1_MAGIC   0x011954        /* UFS1 fast filesystem magic number */
   #define FS_UFS2_MAGIC   0x19540119      /* UFS2 fast filesystem magic number */
   #define FS_OKAY         0x7c269d38      /* superblock checksum */
   #define FS_42INODEFMT   -1              /* 4.2BSD inode format */
   #define FS_44INODEFMT   2               /* 4.4BSD inode format */
   
   /*
    * Preference for optimization.
    */
   #define FS_OPTTIME      0       /* minimize allocation time */
   #define FS_OPTSPACE     1       /* minimize disk fragmentation */
   
   /*
    * Filesystem flags.
    *
    * The FS_UNCLEAN flag is set by the kernel when the filesystem was
    * mounted with fs_clean set to zero. The FS_DOSOFTDEP flag indicates
    * that the filesystem should be managed by the soft updates code.
    * Note that the FS_NEEDSFSCK flag is set and cleared only by the
    * fsck utility. It is set when background fsck finds an unexpected
    * inconsistency which requires a traditional foreground fsck to be
    * run. Such inconsistencies should only be found after an uncorrectable
    * disk error. A foreground fsck will clear the FS_NEEDSFSCK flag when
    * it has successfully cleaned up the filesystem. The kernel uses this
    * flag to enforce that inconsistent filesystems be mounted read-only.
    * The FS_INDEXDIRS flag when set indicates that the kernel maintains
    * on-disk auxiliary indexes (such as B-trees) for speeding directory
    * accesses. Kernels that do not support auxiliary indicies clear the
    * flag to indicate that the indicies need to be rebuilt (by fsck) before
    * they can be used.
    *
    * FS_ACLS indicates that ACLs are administratively enabled for the
    * file system, so they should be loaded from extended attributes,
    * observed for access control purposes, and be administered by object
    * owners.  FS_MULTILABEL indicates that the TrustedBSD MAC Framework
    * should attempt to back MAC labels into extended attributes on the
    * file system rather than maintain a single mount label for all
    * objects.
    */
   #define FS_UNCLEAN    0x01      /* filesystem not clean at mount */
   #define FS_DOSOFTDEP  0x02      /* filesystem using soft dependencies */
   #define FS_NEEDSFSCK  0x04      /* filesystem needs sync fsck before mount */
   #define FS_INDEXDIRS  0x08      /* kernel supports indexed directories */
   #define FS_ACLS       0x10      /* file system has ACLs enabled */
   #define FS_MULTILABEL 0x20      /* file system is MAC multi-label */
   #define FS_FLAGS_UPDATED 0x80   /* flags have been moved to new location */
   
   /*
    * Macros to access bits in the fs_active array.
    */
   #define ACTIVECGNUM(fs, cg)     ((fs)->fs_active[(cg) / (NBBY * sizeof(int))])
   #define ACTIVECGOFF(cg)         (1 << ((cg) % (NBBY * sizeof(int))))
   
   /*
    * The size of a cylinder group is calculated by CGSIZE. The maximum size
    * is limited by the fact that cylinder groups are at most one block.
    * Its size is derived from the size of the maps maintained in the
    * cylinder group and the (struct cg) size.
    */
   #define CGSIZE(fs) \
       /* base cg */       (sizeof(struct cg) + sizeof(int32_t) + \
       /* old btotoff */   (fs)->fs_old_cpg * sizeof(int32_t) + \
       /* old boff */      (fs)->fs_old_cpg * sizeof(u_int16_t) + \
       /* inode map */     howmany((fs)->fs_ipg, NBBY) + \
       /* block map */     howmany((fs)->fs_fpg, NBBY) +\
       /* if present */    ((fs)->fs_contigsumsize <= 0 ? 0 : \
       /* cluster sum */   (fs)->fs_contigsumsize * sizeof(int32_t) + \
       /* cluster map */   howmany(fragstoblks(fs, (fs)->fs_fpg), NBBY)))
   
   /*
    * The minimal number of cylinder groups that should be created.
    */
   #define MINCYLGRPS      4
   
   /*
    * Convert cylinder group to base address of its global summary info.
    */
   #define fs_cs(fs, indx) fs_csp[indx]
   
   /*
    * Cylinder group block for a filesystem.
    */
   #define CG_MAGIC        0x090255
   struct cg {
           int32_t  cg_firstfield;         /* historic cyl groups linked list */
           int32_t  cg_magic;              /* magic number */
           int32_t  cg_old_time;           /* time last written */
           int32_t  cg_cgx;                /* we are the cgx'th cylinder group */
           int16_t  cg_old_ncyl;           /* number of cyl's this cg */
           int16_t  cg_old_niblk;          /* number of inode blocks this cg */
           int32_t  cg_ndblk;              /* number of data blocks this cg */
           struct  csum cg_cs;             /* cylinder summary information */
           int32_t  cg_rotor;              /* position of last used block */
           int32_t  cg_frotor;             /* position of last used frag */
           int32_t  cg_irotor;             /* position of last used inode */
           int32_t  cg_frsum[MAXFRAG];     /* counts of available frags */
           int32_t  cg_old_btotoff;        /* (int32) block totals per cylinder */
           int32_t  cg_old_boff;           /* (u_int16) free block positions */
           int32_t  cg_iusedoff;           /* (u_int8) used inode map */
           int32_t  cg_freeoff;            /* (u_int8) free block map */
           int32_t  cg_nextfreeoff;        /* (u_int8) next available space */
           int32_t  cg_clustersumoff;      /* (u_int32) counts of avail clusters */
           int32_t  cg_clusteroff;         /* (u_int8) free cluster map */
           int32_t  cg_nclusterblks;       /* number of clusters this cg */
           int32_t  cg_niblk;              /* number of inode blocks this cg */
           int32_t  cg_initediblk;         /* last initialized inode */
           int32_t  cg_sparecon32[3];      /* reserved for future use */
           ufs_time_t cg_time;             /* time last written */
           int64_t  cg_sparecon64[3];      /* reserved for future use */
           u_int8_t cg_space[1];           /* space for cylinder group maps */
   /* actually longer */
   };
   
   /*
    * Macros for access to cylinder group array structures
    */
   #define cg_chkmagic(cgp) ((cgp)->cg_magic == CG_MAGIC)
   #define cg_inosused(cgp) \
       ((u_int8_t *)((u_int8_t *)(cgp) + (cgp)->cg_iusedoff))
   #define cg_blksfree(cgp) \
       ((u_int8_t *)((u_int8_t *)(cgp) + (cgp)->cg_freeoff))
   #define cg_clustersfree(cgp) \
       ((u_int8_t *)((u_int8_t *)(cgp) + (cgp)->cg_clusteroff))
   #define cg_clustersum(cgp) \
       ((int32_t *)((u_int8_t *)(cgp) + (cgp)->cg_clustersumoff))
   
   /*
    * Turn filesystem block numbers into disk block addresses.
    * This maps filesystem blocks to device size blocks.
    */
   #define fsbtodb(fs, b)  ((b) << (fs)->fs_fsbtodb)
   #define dbtofsb(fs, b)  ((b) >> (fs)->fs_fsbtodb)
   
   /*
    * Cylinder group macros to locate things in cylinder groups.
    * They calc filesystem addresses of cylinder group data structures.
    */
   #define cgbase(fs, c)   ((ufs2_daddr_t)((fs)->fs_fpg * (c)))
   #define cgdmin(fs, c)   (cgstart(fs, c) + (fs)->fs_dblkno)      /* 1st data */
   #define cgimin(fs, c)   (cgstart(fs, c) + (fs)->fs_iblkno)      /* inode blk */
   #define cgsblock(fs, c) (cgstart(fs, c) + (fs)->fs_sblkno)      /* super blk */
   #define cgtod(fs, c)    (cgstart(fs, c) + (fs)->fs_cblkno)      /* cg block */
   #define cgstart(fs, c)                                                  \
          ((fs)->fs_magic == FS_UFS2_MAGIC ? cgbase(fs, c) :               \
          (cgbase(fs, c) + (fs)->fs_old_cgoffset * ((c) & ~((fs)->fs_old_cgmask))))
   
   /*
    * Macros for handling inode numbers:
    *     inode number to filesystem block offset.
    *     inode number to cylinder group number.
    *     inode number to filesystem block address.
    */
   #define ino_to_cg(fs, x)        ((x) / (fs)->fs_ipg)
   #define ino_to_fsba(fs, x)                                              \
           ((ufs2_daddr_t)(cgimin(fs, ino_to_cg(fs, x)) +                  \
               (blkstofrags((fs), (((x) % (fs)->fs_ipg) / INOPB(fs))))))
   #define ino_to_fsbo(fs, x)      ((x) % INOPB(fs))
   
   /*
    * Give cylinder group number for a filesystem block.
    * Give cylinder group block number for a filesystem block.
    */
   #define dtog(fs, d)     ((d) / (fs)->fs_fpg)
   #define dtogd(fs, d)    ((d) % (fs)->fs_fpg)
   
   /*
    * Extract the bits for a block from a map.
    * Compute the cylinder and rotational position of a cyl block addr.
    */
   #define blkmap(fs, map, loc) \
       (((map)[(loc) / NBBY] >> ((loc) % NBBY)) & (0xff >> (NBBY - (fs)->fs_frag)))
   
   /*
    * The following macros optimize certain frequently calculated
    * quantities by using shifts and masks in place of divisions
    * modulos and multiplications.
    */
   #define blkoff(fs, loc)         /* calculates (loc % fs->fs_bsize) */ \
           ((loc) & (fs)->fs_qbmask)
   #define fragoff(fs, loc)        /* calculates (loc % fs->fs_fsize) */ \
           ((loc) & (fs)->fs_qfmask)
   #define lfragtosize(fs, frag)   /* calculates ((off_t)frag * fs->fs_fsize) */ \
           ((off_t)(frag) << (fs)->fs_fshift)
   #define lblktosize(fs, blk)     /* calculates ((off_t)blk * fs->fs_bsize) */ \
           ((off_t)(blk) << (fs)->fs_bshift)
   /* Use this only when `blk' is known to be small, e.g., < NDADDR. */
   #define smalllblktosize(fs, blk)    /* calculates (blk * fs->fs_bsize) */ \
           ((blk) << (fs)->fs_bshift)
   #define lblkno(fs, loc)         /* calculates (loc / fs->fs_bsize) */ \
           ((loc) >> (fs)->fs_bshift)
   #define numfrags(fs, loc)       /* calculates (loc / fs->fs_fsize) */ \
           ((loc) >> (fs)->fs_fshift)
   #define blkroundup(fs, size)    /* calculates roundup(size, fs->fs_bsize) */ \
           (((size) + (fs)->fs_qbmask) & (fs)->fs_bmask)
   #define fragroundup(fs, size)   /* calculates roundup(size, fs->fs_fsize) */ \
           (((size) + (fs)->fs_qfmask) & (fs)->fs_fmask)
   #define fragstoblks(fs, frags)  /* calculates (frags / fs->fs_frag) */ \
           ((frags) >> (fs)->fs_fragshift)
   #define blkstofrags(fs, blks)   /* calculates (blks * fs->fs_frag) */ \
           ((blks) << (fs)->fs_fragshift)
   #define fragnum(fs, fsb)        /* calculates (fsb % fs->fs_frag) */ \
           ((fsb) & ((fs)->fs_frag - 1))
   #define blknum(fs, fsb)         /* calculates rounddown(fsb, fs->fs_frag) */ \
           ((fsb) &~ ((fs)->fs_frag - 1))
   
   /*
    * Determine the number of available frags given a
    * percentage to hold in reserve.
    */
   #define freespace(fs, percentreserved) \
           (blkstofrags((fs), (fs)->fs_cstotal.cs_nbfree) + \
           (fs)->fs_cstotal.cs_nffree - \
           ((off_t)((fs)->fs_dsize) * (percentreserved) / 100))
   
   /*
    * Determining the size of a file block in the filesystem.
    */
   #define blksize(fs, ip, lbn) \
           (((lbn) >= NDADDR || (ip)->i_size >= smalllblktosize(fs, (lbn) + 1)) \
               ? (fs)->fs_bsize \
               : (fragroundup(fs, blkoff(fs, (ip)->i_size))))
   #define sblksize(fs, size, lbn) \
           (((lbn) >= NDADDR || (size) >= ((lbn) + 1) << (fs)->fs_bshift) \
             ? (fs)->fs_bsize \
             : (fragroundup(fs, blkoff(fs, (size)))))
   
   
   /*
    * Number of inodes in a secondary storage block/fragment.
    */
   #define INOPB(fs)       ((fs)->fs_inopb)
   #define INOPF(fs)       ((fs)->fs_inopb >> (fs)->fs_fragshift)
   
   /*
    * Number of indirects in a filesystem block.
    */
   #define NINDIR(fs)      ((fs)->fs_nindir)
   
   extern int inside[], around[];
   extern u_char *fragtbl[];
   
   #endif

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