FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/vm/vm_page.c

     /*-
      * SPDX-License-Identifier: (BSD-3-Clause AND MIT-CMU)
      *
      * Copyright (c) 1991 Regents of the University of California.
      * All rights reserved.
      * Copyright (c) 1998 Matthew Dillon.  All Rights Reserved.
      *
      * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
      * The Mach Operating System project at Carnegie-Mellon University.
     *
     * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
     *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
     *    without specific prior written permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
     * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
     * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
     * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
     * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
     * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
     * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     * SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     *      from: @(#)vm_page.c     7.4 (Berkeley) 5/7/91
     */
    
    /*-
     * Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Carnegie-Mellon University.
     * All rights reserved.
     *
     * Authors: Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young
     *
     * Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and
     * its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
     * notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
     * software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
     * thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
     *
     * CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
     * CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND
     * FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
     *
     * Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
     *
     *  Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
     *  School of Computer Science
     *  Carnegie Mellon University
     *  Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
     *
     * any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the
     * rights to redistribute these changes.
     */
    
    /*
     *                      GENERAL RULES ON VM_PAGE MANIPULATION
     *
     *      - A page queue lock is required when adding or removing a page from a
     *        page queue regardless of other locks or the busy state of a page.
     *
     *              * In general, no thread besides the page daemon can acquire or
     *                hold more than one page queue lock at a time.
     *
     *              * The page daemon can acquire and hold any pair of page queue
     *                locks in any order.
     *
     *      - The object lock is required when inserting or removing
     *        pages from an object (vm_page_insert() or vm_page_remove()).
     *
     */
    
    /*
     *      Resident memory management module.
     */
    
    #include <sys/cdefs.h>
    __FBSDID("$FreeBSD: releng/12.0/sys/vm/vm_page.c 341251 2018-11-29 17:54:03Z markj $");
    
    #include "opt_vm.h"
    
    #include <sys/param.h>
    #include <sys/systm.h>
    #include <sys/lock.h>
    #include <sys/domainset.h>
    #include <sys/kernel.h>
    #include <sys/limits.h>
    #include <sys/linker.h>
    #include <sys/malloc.h>
    #include <sys/mman.h>
   #include <sys/msgbuf.h>
   #include <sys/mutex.h>
   #include <sys/proc.h>
   #include <sys/rwlock.h>
   #include <sys/sbuf.h>
   #include <sys/sched.h>
   #include <sys/smp.h>
   #include <sys/sysctl.h>
   #include <sys/vmmeter.h>
   #include <sys/vnode.h>
   
   #include <vm/vm.h>
   #include <vm/pmap.h>
   #include <vm/vm_param.h>
   #include <vm/vm_domainset.h>
   #include <vm/vm_kern.h>
   #include <vm/vm_map.h>
   #include <vm/vm_object.h>
   #include <vm/vm_page.h>
   #include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
   #include <vm/vm_phys.h>
   #include <vm/vm_pagequeue.h>
   #include <vm/vm_pager.h>
   #include <vm/vm_radix.h>
   #include <vm/vm_reserv.h>
   #include <vm/vm_extern.h>
   #include <vm/uma.h>
   #include <vm/uma_int.h>
   
   #include <machine/md_var.h>
   
   extern int      uma_startup_count(int);
   extern void     uma_startup(void *, int);
   extern int      vmem_startup_count(void);
   
   struct vm_domain vm_dom[MAXMEMDOM];
   
   DPCPU_DEFINE_STATIC(struct vm_batchqueue, pqbatch[MAXMEMDOM][PQ_COUNT]);
   
   struct mtx_padalign __exclusive_cache_line pa_lock[PA_LOCK_COUNT];
   
   struct mtx_padalign __exclusive_cache_line vm_domainset_lock;
   /* The following fields are protected by the domainset lock. */
   domainset_t __exclusive_cache_line vm_min_domains;
   domainset_t __exclusive_cache_line vm_severe_domains;
   static int vm_min_waiters;
   static int vm_severe_waiters;
   static int vm_pageproc_waiters;
   
   /*
    * bogus page -- for I/O to/from partially complete buffers,
    * or for paging into sparsely invalid regions.
    */
   vm_page_t bogus_page;
   
   vm_page_t vm_page_array;
   long vm_page_array_size;
   long first_page;
   
   static int boot_pages;
   SYSCTL_INT(_vm, OID_AUTO, boot_pages, CTLFLAG_RDTUN | CTLFLAG_NOFETCH,
       &boot_pages, 0,
       "number of pages allocated for bootstrapping the VM system");
   
   static int pa_tryrelock_restart;
   SYSCTL_INT(_vm, OID_AUTO, tryrelock_restart, CTLFLAG_RD,
       &pa_tryrelock_restart, 0, "Number of tryrelock restarts");
   
   static TAILQ_HEAD(, vm_page) blacklist_head;
   static int sysctl_vm_page_blacklist(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);
   SYSCTL_PROC(_vm, OID_AUTO, page_blacklist, CTLTYPE_STRING | CTLFLAG_RD |
       CTLFLAG_MPSAFE, NULL, 0, sysctl_vm_page_blacklist, "A", "Blacklist pages");
   
   static uma_zone_t fakepg_zone;
   
   static void vm_page_alloc_check(vm_page_t m);
   static void vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(vm_page_t m, vm_page_bits_t pagebits);
   static void vm_page_dequeue_complete(vm_page_t m);
   static void vm_page_enqueue(vm_page_t m, uint8_t queue);
   static void vm_page_init(void *dummy);
   static int vm_page_insert_after(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t object,
       vm_pindex_t pindex, vm_page_t mpred);
   static void vm_page_insert_radixdone(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t object,
       vm_page_t mpred);
   static int vm_page_reclaim_run(int req_class, int domain, u_long npages,
       vm_page_t m_run, vm_paddr_t high);
   static int vm_domain_alloc_fail(struct vm_domain *vmd, vm_object_t object,
       int req);
   static int vm_page_import(void *arg, void **store, int cnt, int domain,
       int flags);
   static void vm_page_release(void *arg, void **store, int cnt);
   
   SYSINIT(vm_page, SI_SUB_VM, SI_ORDER_SECOND, vm_page_init, NULL);
   
   static void
   vm_page_init(void *dummy)
   {
   
           fakepg_zone = uma_zcreate("fakepg", sizeof(struct vm_page), NULL, NULL,
               NULL, NULL, UMA_ALIGN_PTR, UMA_ZONE_NOFREE | UMA_ZONE_VM);
           bogus_page = vm_page_alloc(NULL, 0, VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ |
               VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_WIRED);
   }
   
   /*
    * The cache page zone is initialized later since we need to be able to allocate
    * pages before UMA is fully initialized.
    */
   static void
   vm_page_init_cache_zones(void *dummy __unused)
   {
           struct vm_domain *vmd;
           int i;
   
           for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++) {
                   vmd = VM_DOMAIN(i);
                   /*
                    * Don't allow the page cache to take up more than .25% of
                    * memory.
                    */
                   if (vmd->vmd_page_count / 400 < 256 * mp_ncpus)
                           continue;
                   vmd->vmd_pgcache = uma_zcache_create("vm pgcache",
                       sizeof(struct vm_page), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
                       vm_page_import, vm_page_release, vmd,
                       UMA_ZONE_NOBUCKETCACHE | UMA_ZONE_MAXBUCKET | UMA_ZONE_VM);
           }
   }
   SYSINIT(vm_page2, SI_SUB_VM_CONF, SI_ORDER_ANY, vm_page_init_cache_zones, NULL);
   
   /* Make sure that u_long is at least 64 bits when PAGE_SIZE is 32K. */
   #if PAGE_SIZE == 32768
   #ifdef CTASSERT
   CTASSERT(sizeof(u_long) >= 8);
   #endif
   #endif
   
   /*
    * Try to acquire a physical address lock while a pmap is locked.  If we
    * fail to trylock we unlock and lock the pmap directly and cache the
    * locked pa in *locked.  The caller should then restart their loop in case
    * the virtual to physical mapping has changed.
    */
   int
   vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap_t pmap, vm_paddr_t pa, vm_paddr_t *locked)
   {
           vm_paddr_t lockpa;
   
           lockpa = *locked;
           *locked = pa;
           if (lockpa) {
                   PA_LOCK_ASSERT(lockpa, MA_OWNED);
                   if (PA_LOCKPTR(pa) == PA_LOCKPTR(lockpa))
                           return (0);
                   PA_UNLOCK(lockpa);
           }
           if (PA_TRYLOCK(pa))
                   return (0);
           PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
           atomic_add_int(&pa_tryrelock_restart, 1);
           PA_LOCK(pa);
           PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
           return (EAGAIN);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_set_page_size:
    *
    *      Sets the page size, perhaps based upon the memory
    *      size.  Must be called before any use of page-size
    *      dependent functions.
    */
   void
   vm_set_page_size(void)
   {
           if (vm_cnt.v_page_size == 0)
                   vm_cnt.v_page_size = PAGE_SIZE;
           if (((vm_cnt.v_page_size - 1) & vm_cnt.v_page_size) != 0)
                   panic("vm_set_page_size: page size not a power of two");
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_blacklist_next:
    *
    *      Find the next entry in the provided string of blacklist
    *      addresses.  Entries are separated by space, comma, or newline.
    *      If an invalid integer is encountered then the rest of the
    *      string is skipped.  Updates the list pointer to the next
    *      character, or NULL if the string is exhausted or invalid.
    */
   static vm_paddr_t
   vm_page_blacklist_next(char **list, char *end)
   {
           vm_paddr_t bad;
           char *cp, *pos;
   
           if (list == NULL || *list == NULL)
                   return (0);
           if (**list =='\0') {
                   *list = NULL;
                   return (0);
           }
   
           /*
            * If there's no end pointer then the buffer is coming from
            * the kenv and we know it's null-terminated.
            */
           if (end == NULL)
                   end = *list + strlen(*list);
   
           /* Ensure that strtoq() won't walk off the end */
           if (*end != '\0') {
                   if (*end == '\n' || *end == ' ' || *end  == ',')
                           *end = '\0';
                   else {
                           printf("Blacklist not terminated, skipping\n");
                           *list = NULL;
                           return (0);
                   }
           }
   
           for (pos = *list; *pos != '\0'; pos = cp) {
                   bad = strtoq(pos, &cp, 0);
                   if (*cp == '\0' || *cp == ' ' || *cp == ',' || *cp == '\n') {
                           if (bad == 0) {
                                   if (++cp < end)
                                           continue;
                                   else
                                           break;
                           }
                   } else
                           break;
                   if (*cp == '\0' || ++cp >= end)
                           *list = NULL;
                   else
                           *list = cp;
                   return (trunc_page(bad));
           }
           printf("Garbage in RAM blacklist, skipping\n");
           *list = NULL;
           return (0);
   }
   
   bool
   vm_page_blacklist_add(vm_paddr_t pa, bool verbose)
   {
           struct vm_domain *vmd;
           vm_page_t m;
           int ret;
   
           m = vm_phys_paddr_to_vm_page(pa);
           if (m == NULL)
                   return (true); /* page does not exist, no failure */
   
           vmd = vm_pagequeue_domain(m);
           vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
           ret = vm_phys_unfree_page(m);
           vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
           if (ret != 0) {
                   vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, -1);
                   TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&blacklist_head, m, listq);
                   if (verbose)
                           printf("Skipping page with pa 0x%jx\n", (uintmax_t)pa);
           }
           return (ret);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_blacklist_check:
    *
    *      Iterate through the provided string of blacklist addresses, pulling
    *      each entry out of the physical allocator free list and putting it
    *      onto a list for reporting via the vm.page_blacklist sysctl.
    */
   static void
   vm_page_blacklist_check(char *list, char *end)
   {
           vm_paddr_t pa;
           char *next;
   
           next = list;
           while (next != NULL) {
                   if ((pa = vm_page_blacklist_next(&next, end)) == 0)
                           continue;
                   vm_page_blacklist_add(pa, bootverbose);
           }
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_blacklist_load:
    *
    *      Search for a special module named "ram_blacklist".  It'll be a
    *      plain text file provided by the user via the loader directive
    *      of the same name.
    */
   static void
   vm_page_blacklist_load(char **list, char **end)
   {
           void *mod;
           u_char *ptr;
           u_int len;
   
           mod = NULL;
           ptr = NULL;
   
           mod = preload_search_by_type("ram_blacklist");
           if (mod != NULL) {
                   ptr = preload_fetch_addr(mod);
                   len = preload_fetch_size(mod);
           }
           *list = ptr;
           if (ptr != NULL)
                   *end = ptr + len;
           else
                   *end = NULL;
           return;
   }
   
   static int
   sysctl_vm_page_blacklist(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
   {
           vm_page_t m;
           struct sbuf sbuf;
           int error, first;
   
           first = 1;
           error = sysctl_wire_old_buffer(req, 0);
           if (error != 0)
                   return (error);
           sbuf_new_for_sysctl(&sbuf, NULL, 128, req);
           TAILQ_FOREACH(m, &blacklist_head, listq) {
                   sbuf_printf(&sbuf, "%s%#jx", first ? "" : ",",
                       (uintmax_t)m->phys_addr);
                   first = 0;
           }
           error = sbuf_finish(&sbuf);
           sbuf_delete(&sbuf);
           return (error);
   }
   
   /*
    * Initialize a dummy page for use in scans of the specified paging queue.
    * In principle, this function only needs to set the flag PG_MARKER.
    * Nonetheless, it write busies and initializes the hold count to one as
    * safety precautions.
    */
   static void
   vm_page_init_marker(vm_page_t marker, int queue, uint8_t aflags)
   {
   
           bzero(marker, sizeof(*marker));
           marker->flags = PG_MARKER;
           marker->aflags = aflags;
           marker->busy_lock = VPB_SINGLE_EXCLUSIVER;
           marker->queue = queue;
           marker->hold_count = 1;
   }
   
   static void
   vm_page_domain_init(int domain)
   {
           struct vm_domain *vmd;
           struct vm_pagequeue *pq;
           int i;
   
           vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
           bzero(vmd, sizeof(*vmd));
           *__DECONST(char **, &vmd->vmd_pagequeues[PQ_INACTIVE].pq_name) =
               "vm inactive pagequeue";
           *__DECONST(char **, &vmd->vmd_pagequeues[PQ_ACTIVE].pq_name) =
               "vm active pagequeue";
           *__DECONST(char **, &vmd->vmd_pagequeues[PQ_LAUNDRY].pq_name) =
               "vm laundry pagequeue";
           *__DECONST(char **, &vmd->vmd_pagequeues[PQ_UNSWAPPABLE].pq_name) =
               "vm unswappable pagequeue";
           vmd->vmd_domain = domain;
           vmd->vmd_page_count = 0;
           vmd->vmd_free_count = 0;
           vmd->vmd_segs = 0;
           vmd->vmd_oom = FALSE;
           for (i = 0; i < PQ_COUNT; i++) {
                   pq = &vmd->vmd_pagequeues[i];
                   TAILQ_INIT(&pq->pq_pl);
                   mtx_init(&pq->pq_mutex, pq->pq_name, "vm pagequeue",
                       MTX_DEF | MTX_DUPOK);
                   pq->pq_pdpages = 0;
                   vm_page_init_marker(&vmd->vmd_markers[i], i, 0);
           }
           mtx_init(&vmd->vmd_free_mtx, "vm page free queue", NULL, MTX_DEF);
           mtx_init(&vmd->vmd_pageout_mtx, "vm pageout lock", NULL, MTX_DEF);
           snprintf(vmd->vmd_name, sizeof(vmd->vmd_name), "%d", domain);
   
           /*
            * inacthead is used to provide FIFO ordering for LRU-bypassing
            * insertions.
            */
           vm_page_init_marker(&vmd->vmd_inacthead, PQ_INACTIVE, PGA_ENQUEUED);
           TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&vmd->vmd_pagequeues[PQ_INACTIVE].pq_pl,
               &vmd->vmd_inacthead, plinks.q);
   
           /*
            * The clock pages are used to implement active queue scanning without
            * requeues.  Scans start at clock[0], which is advanced after the scan
            * ends.  When the two clock hands meet, they are reset and scanning
            * resumes from the head of the queue.
            */
           vm_page_init_marker(&vmd->vmd_clock[0], PQ_ACTIVE, PGA_ENQUEUED);
           vm_page_init_marker(&vmd->vmd_clock[1], PQ_ACTIVE, PGA_ENQUEUED);
           TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&vmd->vmd_pagequeues[PQ_ACTIVE].pq_pl,
               &vmd->vmd_clock[0], plinks.q);
           TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&vmd->vmd_pagequeues[PQ_ACTIVE].pq_pl,
               &vmd->vmd_clock[1], plinks.q);
   }
   
   /*
    * Initialize a physical page in preparation for adding it to the free
    * lists.
    */
   static void
   vm_page_init_page(vm_page_t m, vm_paddr_t pa, int segind)
   {
   
           m->object = NULL;
           m->wire_count = 0;
           m->busy_lock = VPB_UNBUSIED;
           m->hold_count = 0;
           m->flags = m->aflags = 0;
           m->phys_addr = pa;
           m->queue = PQ_NONE;
           m->psind = 0;
           m->segind = segind;
           m->order = VM_NFREEORDER;
           m->pool = VM_FREEPOOL_DEFAULT;
           m->valid = m->dirty = 0;
           pmap_page_init(m);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_startup:
    *
    *      Initializes the resident memory module.  Allocates physical memory for
    *      bootstrapping UMA and some data structures that are used to manage
    *      physical pages.  Initializes these structures, and populates the free
    *      page queues.
    */
   vm_offset_t
   vm_page_startup(vm_offset_t vaddr)
   {
           struct vm_phys_seg *seg;
           vm_page_t m;
           char *list, *listend;
           vm_offset_t mapped;
           vm_paddr_t end, high_avail, low_avail, new_end, page_range, size;
           vm_paddr_t biggestsize, last_pa, pa;
           u_long pagecount;
           int biggestone, i, segind;
   #if defined(__i386__) && defined(VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE)
           long ii;
   #endif
   
           biggestsize = 0;
           biggestone = 0;
           vaddr = round_page(vaddr);
   
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1]; i += 2) {
                   phys_avail[i] = round_page(phys_avail[i]);
                   phys_avail[i + 1] = trunc_page(phys_avail[i + 1]);
           }
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1]; i += 2) {
                   size = phys_avail[i + 1] - phys_avail[i];
                   if (size > biggestsize) {
                           biggestone = i;
                           biggestsize = size;
                   }
           }
   
           end = phys_avail[biggestone+1];
   
           /*
            * Initialize the page and queue locks.
            */
           mtx_init(&vm_domainset_lock, "vm domainset lock", NULL, MTX_DEF);
           for (i = 0; i < PA_LOCK_COUNT; i++)
                   mtx_init(&pa_lock[i], "vm page", NULL, MTX_DEF);
           for (i = 0; i < vm_ndomains; i++)
                   vm_page_domain_init(i);
   
           /*
            * Allocate memory for use when boot strapping the kernel memory
            * allocator.  Tell UMA how many zones we are going to create
            * before going fully functional.  UMA will add its zones.
            *
            * VM startup zones: vmem, vmem_btag, VM OBJECT, RADIX NODE, MAP,
            * KMAP ENTRY, MAP ENTRY, VMSPACE.
            */
           boot_pages = uma_startup_count(8);
   
   #ifndef UMA_MD_SMALL_ALLOC
           /* vmem_startup() calls uma_prealloc(). */
           boot_pages += vmem_startup_count();
           /* vm_map_startup() calls uma_prealloc(). */
           boot_pages += howmany(MAX_KMAP,
               UMA_SLAB_SPACE / sizeof(struct vm_map));
   
           /*
            * Before going fully functional kmem_init() does allocation
            * from "KMAP ENTRY" and vmem_create() does allocation from "vmem".
            */
           boot_pages += 2;
   #endif
           /*
            * CTFLAG_RDTUN doesn't work during the early boot process, so we must
            * manually fetch the value.
            */
           TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("vm.boot_pages", &boot_pages);
           new_end = end - (boot_pages * UMA_SLAB_SIZE);
           new_end = trunc_page(new_end);
           mapped = pmap_map(&vaddr, new_end, end,
               VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
           bzero((void *)mapped, end - new_end);
           uma_startup((void *)mapped, boot_pages);
   
   #ifdef WITNESS
           end = new_end;
           new_end = end - round_page(witness_startup_count());
           mapped = pmap_map(&vaddr, new_end, end,
               VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
           bzero((void *)mapped, end - new_end);
           witness_startup((void *)mapped);
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__arm__) || \
       defined(__i386__) || defined(__mips__)
           /*
            * Allocate a bitmap to indicate that a random physical page
            * needs to be included in a minidump.
            *
            * The amd64 port needs this to indicate which direct map pages
            * need to be dumped, via calls to dump_add_page()/dump_drop_page().
            *
            * However, i386 still needs this workspace internally within the
            * minidump code.  In theory, they are not needed on i386, but are
            * included should the sf_buf code decide to use them.
            */
           last_pa = 0;
           for (i = 0; dump_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2)
                   if (dump_avail[i + 1] > last_pa)
                           last_pa = dump_avail[i + 1];
           page_range = last_pa / PAGE_SIZE;
           vm_page_dump_size = round_page(roundup2(page_range, NBBY) / NBBY);
           new_end -= vm_page_dump_size;
           vm_page_dump = (void *)(uintptr_t)pmap_map(&vaddr, new_end,
               new_end + vm_page_dump_size, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
           bzero((void *)vm_page_dump, vm_page_dump_size);
   #else
           (void)last_pa;
   #endif
   #if defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__mips__)
           /*
            * Include the UMA bootstrap pages and vm_page_dump in a crash dump.
            * When pmap_map() uses the direct map, they are not automatically 
            * included.
            */
           for (pa = new_end; pa < end; pa += PAGE_SIZE)
                   dump_add_page(pa);
   #endif
           phys_avail[biggestone + 1] = new_end;
   #ifdef __amd64__
           /*
            * Request that the physical pages underlying the message buffer be
            * included in a crash dump.  Since the message buffer is accessed
            * through the direct map, they are not automatically included.
            */
           pa = DMAP_TO_PHYS((vm_offset_t)msgbufp->msg_ptr);
           last_pa = pa + round_page(msgbufsize);
           while (pa < last_pa) {
                   dump_add_page(pa);
                   pa += PAGE_SIZE;
           }
   #endif
           /*
            * Compute the number of pages of memory that will be available for
            * use, taking into account the overhead of a page structure per page.
            * In other words, solve
            *      "available physical memory" - round_page(page_range *
            *          sizeof(struct vm_page)) = page_range * PAGE_SIZE 
            * for page_range.  
            */
           low_avail = phys_avail[0];
           high_avail = phys_avail[1];
           for (i = 0; i < vm_phys_nsegs; i++) {
                   if (vm_phys_segs[i].start < low_avail)
                           low_avail = vm_phys_segs[i].start;
                   if (vm_phys_segs[i].end > high_avail)
                           high_avail = vm_phys_segs[i].end;
           }
           /* Skip the first chunk.  It is already accounted for. */
           for (i = 2; phys_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2) {
                   if (phys_avail[i] < low_avail)
                           low_avail = phys_avail[i];
                   if (phys_avail[i + 1] > high_avail)
                           high_avail = phys_avail[i + 1];
           }
           first_page = low_avail / PAGE_SIZE;
   #ifdef VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE
           size = 0;
           for (i = 0; i < vm_phys_nsegs; i++)
                   size += vm_phys_segs[i].end - vm_phys_segs[i].start;
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2)
                   size += phys_avail[i + 1] - phys_avail[i];
   #elif defined(VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE)
           size = high_avail - low_avail;
   #else
   #error "Either VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE or VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE must be defined."
   #endif
   
   #ifdef VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE
           /*
            * In the VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE case, the number of pages can account for
            * the overhead of a page structure per page only if vm_page_array is
            * allocated from the last physical memory chunk.  Otherwise, we must
            * allocate page structures representing the physical memory
            * underlying vm_page_array, even though they will not be used.
            */
           if (new_end != high_avail)
                   page_range = size / PAGE_SIZE;
           else
   #endif
           {
                   page_range = size / (PAGE_SIZE + sizeof(struct vm_page));
   
                   /*
                    * If the partial bytes remaining are large enough for
                    * a page (PAGE_SIZE) without a corresponding
                    * 'struct vm_page', then new_end will contain an
                    * extra page after subtracting the length of the VM
                    * page array.  Compensate by subtracting an extra
                    * page from new_end.
                    */
                   if (size % (PAGE_SIZE + sizeof(struct vm_page)) >= PAGE_SIZE) {
                           if (new_end == high_avail)
                                   high_avail -= PAGE_SIZE;
                           new_end -= PAGE_SIZE;
                   }
           }
           end = new_end;
   
           /*
            * Reserve an unmapped guard page to trap access to vm_page_array[-1].
            * However, because this page is allocated from KVM, out-of-bounds
            * accesses using the direct map will not be trapped.
            */
           vaddr += PAGE_SIZE;
   
           /*
            * Allocate physical memory for the page structures, and map it.
            */
           new_end = trunc_page(end - page_range * sizeof(struct vm_page));
           mapped = pmap_map(&vaddr, new_end, end,
               VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
           vm_page_array = (vm_page_t)mapped;
           vm_page_array_size = page_range;
   
   #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
           /*
            * Allocate physical memory for the reservation management system's
            * data structures, and map it.
            */
           if (high_avail == end)
                   high_avail = new_end;
           new_end = vm_reserv_startup(&vaddr, new_end, high_avail);
   #endif
   #if defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__mips__)
           /*
            * Include vm_page_array and vm_reserv_array in a crash dump.
            */
           for (pa = new_end; pa < end; pa += PAGE_SIZE)
                   dump_add_page(pa);
   #endif
           phys_avail[biggestone + 1] = new_end;
   
           /*
            * Add physical memory segments corresponding to the available
            * physical pages.
            */
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2)
                   vm_phys_add_seg(phys_avail[i], phys_avail[i + 1]);
   
           /*
            * Initialize the physical memory allocator.
            */
           vm_phys_init();
   
           /*
            * Initialize the page structures and add every available page to the
            * physical memory allocator's free lists.
            */
   #if defined(__i386__) && defined(VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE)
           for (ii = 0; ii < vm_page_array_size; ii++) {
                   m = &vm_page_array[ii];
                   vm_page_init_page(m, (first_page + ii) << PAGE_SHIFT, 0);
                   m->flags = PG_FICTITIOUS;
           }
   #endif
           vm_cnt.v_page_count = 0;
           for (segind = 0; segind < vm_phys_nsegs; segind++) {
                   seg = &vm_phys_segs[segind];
                   for (m = seg->first_page, pa = seg->start; pa < seg->end;
                       m++, pa += PAGE_SIZE)
                           vm_page_init_page(m, pa, segind);
   
                   /*
                    * Add the segment to the free lists only if it is covered by
                    * one of the ranges in phys_avail.  Because we've added the
                    * ranges to the vm_phys_segs array, we can assume that each
                    * segment is either entirely contained in one of the ranges,
                    * or doesn't overlap any of them.
                    */
                   for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2) {
                           struct vm_domain *vmd;
   
                           if (seg->start < phys_avail[i] ||
                               seg->end > phys_avail[i + 1])
                                   continue;
   
                           m = seg->first_page;
                           pagecount = (u_long)atop(seg->end - seg->start);
   
                           vmd = VM_DOMAIN(seg->domain);
                           vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
                           vm_phys_free_contig(m, pagecount);
                           vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
                           vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, pagecount);
                           vm_cnt.v_page_count += (u_int)pagecount;
   
                           vmd = VM_DOMAIN(seg->domain);
                           vmd->vmd_page_count += (u_int)pagecount;
                           vmd->vmd_segs |= 1UL << m->segind;
                           break;
                   }
           }
   
           /*
            * Remove blacklisted pages from the physical memory allocator.
            */
           TAILQ_INIT(&blacklist_head);
           vm_page_blacklist_load(&list, &listend);
           vm_page_blacklist_check(list, listend);
   
           list = kern_getenv("vm.blacklist");
           vm_page_blacklist_check(list, NULL);
   
           freeenv(list);
   #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
           /*
            * Initialize the reservation management system.
            */
           vm_reserv_init();
   #endif
   
           return (vaddr);
   }
   
   void
   vm_page_reference(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_busy_downgrade:
    *
    *      Downgrade an exclusive busy page into a single shared busy page.
    */
   void
   vm_page_busy_downgrade(vm_page_t m)
   {
           u_int x;
           bool locked;
   
           vm_page_assert_xbusied(m);
           locked = mtx_owned(vm_page_lockptr(m));
   
           for (;;) {
                   x = m->busy_lock;
                   x &= VPB_BIT_WAITERS;
                   if (x != 0 && !locked)
                           vm_page_lock(m);
                   if (atomic_cmpset_rel_int(&m->busy_lock,
                       VPB_SINGLE_EXCLUSIVER | x, VPB_SHARERS_WORD(1)))
                           break;
                   if (x != 0 && !locked)
                           vm_page_unlock(m);
           }
           if (x != 0) {
                   wakeup(m);
                   if (!locked)
                           vm_page_unlock(m);
           }
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_sbusied:
    *
    *      Return a positive value if the page is shared busied, 0 otherwise.
    */
   int
   vm_page_sbusied(vm_page_t m)
   {
           u_int x;
   
           x = m->busy_lock;
           return ((x & VPB_BIT_SHARED) != 0 && x != VPB_UNBUSIED);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_sunbusy:
    *
    *      Shared unbusy a page.
    */
   void
   vm_page_sunbusy(vm_page_t m)
   {
           u_int x;
   
           vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_NOTOWNED);
           vm_page_assert_sbusied(m);
   
           for (;;) {
                   x = m->busy_lock;
                   if (VPB_SHARERS(x) > 1) {
                           if (atomic_cmpset_int(&m->busy_lock, x,
                               x - VPB_ONE_SHARER))
                                   break;
                           continue;
                   }
                   if ((x & VPB_BIT_WAITERS) == 0) {
                           KASSERT(x == VPB_SHARERS_WORD(1),
                               ("vm_page_sunbusy: invalid lock state"));
                           if (atomic_cmpset_int(&m->busy_lock,
                               VPB_SHARERS_WORD(1), VPB_UNBUSIED))
                                   break;
                           continue;
                   }
                   KASSERT(x == (VPB_SHARERS_WORD(1) | VPB_BIT_WAITERS),
                       ("vm_page_sunbusy: invalid lock state for waiters"));
   
                   vm_page_lock(m);
                   if (!atomic_cmpset_int(&m->busy_lock, x, VPB_UNBUSIED)) {
                           vm_page_unlock(m);
                           continue;
                   }
                   wakeup(m);
                   vm_page_unlock(m);
                   break;
           }
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_busy_sleep:
    *
    *      Sleep and release the page lock, using the page pointer as wchan.
    *      This is used to implement the hard-path of busying mechanism.
    *
    *      The given page must be locked.
    *
    *      If nonshared is true, sleep only if the page is xbusy.
    */
   void
   vm_page_busy_sleep(vm_page_t m, const char *wmesg, bool nonshared)
   {
           u_int x;
   
           vm_page_assert_locked(m);
   
           x = m->busy_lock;
           if (x == VPB_UNBUSIED || (nonshared && (x & VPB_BIT_SHARED) != 0) ||
               ((x & VPB_BIT_WAITERS) == 0 &&
               !atomic_cmpset_int(&m->busy_lock, x, x | VPB_BIT_WAITERS))) {
                   vm_page_unlock(m);
                   return;
           }
           msleep(m, vm_page_lockptr(m), PVM | PDROP, wmesg, 0);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_trysbusy:
    *
    *      Try to shared busy a page.
    *      If the operation succeeds 1 is returned otherwise 0.
    *      The operation never sleeps.
    */
   int
   vm_page_trysbusy(vm_page_t m)
   {
           u_int x;
   
           for (;;) {
                   x = m->busy_lock;
                  if ((x & VPB_BIT_SHARED) == 0)
                          return (0);
                  if (atomic_cmpset_acq_int(&m->busy_lock, x, x + VPB_ONE_SHARER))
                          return (1);
          }
  }
  
  static void
  vm_page_xunbusy_locked(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_xbusied(m);
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
  
          atomic_store_rel_int(&m->busy_lock, VPB_UNBUSIED);
          /* There is a waiter, do wakeup() instead of vm_page_flash(). */
          wakeup(m);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_xunbusy_maybelocked(vm_page_t m)
  {
          bool lockacq;
  
          vm_page_assert_xbusied(m);
  
          /*
           * Fast path for unbusy.  If it succeeds, we know that there
           * are no waiters, so we do not need a wakeup.
           */
          if (atomic_cmpset_rel_int(&m->busy_lock, VPB_SINGLE_EXCLUSIVER,
              VPB_UNBUSIED))
                  return;
  
          lockacq = !mtx_owned(vm_page_lockptr(m));
          if (lockacq)
                  vm_page_lock(m);
          vm_page_xunbusy_locked(m);
          if (lockacq)
                  vm_page_unlock(m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_xunbusy_hard:
   *
   *      Called after the first try the exclusive unbusy of a page failed.
   *      It is assumed that the waiters bit is on.
   */
  void
  vm_page_xunbusy_hard(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_xbusied(m);
  
          vm_page_lock(m);
          vm_page_xunbusy_locked(m);
          vm_page_unlock(m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_flash:
   *
   *      Wakeup anyone waiting for the page.
   *      The ownership bits do not change.
   *
   *      The given page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_flash(vm_page_t m)
  {
          u_int x;
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
  
          for (;;) {
                  x = m->busy_lock;
                  if ((x & VPB_BIT_WAITERS) == 0)
                          return;
                  if (atomic_cmpset_int(&m->busy_lock, x,
                      x & (~VPB_BIT_WAITERS)))
                          break;
          }
          wakeup(m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Avoid releasing and reacquiring the same page lock.
   */
  void
  vm_page_change_lock(vm_page_t m, struct mtx **mtx)
  {
          struct mtx *mtx1;
  
          mtx1 = vm_page_lockptr(m);
          if (*mtx == mtx1)
                  return;
          if (*mtx != NULL)
                  mtx_unlock(*mtx);
          *mtx = mtx1;
          mtx_lock(mtx1);
  }
  
  /*
   * Keep page from being freed by the page daemon
   * much of the same effect as wiring, except much lower
   * overhead and should be used only for *very* temporary
   * holding ("wiring").
   */
  void
  vm_page_hold(vm_page_t mem)
  {
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(mem, MA_OWNED);
          mem->hold_count++;
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_unhold(vm_page_t mem)
  {
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(mem, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT(mem->hold_count >= 1, ("vm_page_unhold: hold count < 0!!!"));
          --mem->hold_count;
          if (mem->hold_count == 0 && (mem->flags & PG_UNHOLDFREE) != 0)
                  vm_page_free_toq(mem);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_unhold_pages:
   *
   *      Unhold each of the pages that is referenced by the given array.
   */
  void
  vm_page_unhold_pages(vm_page_t *ma, int count)
  {
          struct mtx *mtx;
  
          mtx = NULL;
          for (; count != 0; count--) {
                  vm_page_change_lock(*ma, &mtx);
                  vm_page_unhold(*ma);
                  ma++;
          }
          if (mtx != NULL)
                  mtx_unlock(mtx);
  }
  
  vm_page_t
  PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(vm_paddr_t pa)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
  #ifdef VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE
          m = vm_phys_paddr_to_vm_page(pa);
          if (m == NULL)
                  m = vm_phys_fictitious_to_vm_page(pa);
          return (m);
  #elif defined(VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE)
          long pi;
  
          pi = atop(pa);
          if (pi >= first_page && (pi - first_page) < vm_page_array_size) {
                  m = &vm_page_array[pi - first_page];
                  return (m);
          }
          return (vm_phys_fictitious_to_vm_page(pa));
  #else
  #error "Either VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE or VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE must be defined."
  #endif
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_getfake:
   *
   *      Create a fictitious page with the specified physical address and
   *      memory attribute.  The memory attribute is the only the machine-
   *      dependent aspect of a fictitious page that must be initialized.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_getfake(vm_paddr_t paddr, vm_memattr_t memattr)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          m = uma_zalloc(fakepg_zone, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
          vm_page_initfake(m, paddr, memattr);
          return (m);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_initfake(vm_page_t m, vm_paddr_t paddr, vm_memattr_t memattr)
  {
  
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                  /*
                   * The page's memattr might have changed since the
                   * previous initialization.  Update the pmap to the
                   * new memattr.
                   */
                  goto memattr;
          }
          m->phys_addr = paddr;
          m->queue = PQ_NONE;
          /* Fictitious pages don't use "segind". */
          m->flags = PG_FICTITIOUS;
          /* Fictitious pages don't use "order" or "pool". */
          m->oflags = VPO_UNMANAGED;
          m->busy_lock = VPB_SINGLE_EXCLUSIVER;
          m->wire_count = 1;
          pmap_page_init(m);
  memattr:
          pmap_page_set_memattr(m, memattr);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_putfake:
   *
   *      Release a fictitious page.
   */
  void
  vm_page_putfake(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0, ("managed %p", m));
          KASSERT((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0,
              ("vm_page_putfake: bad page %p", m));
          uma_zfree(fakepg_zone, m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_updatefake:
   *
   *      Update the given fictitious page to the specified physical address and
   *      memory attribute.
   */
  void
  vm_page_updatefake(vm_page_t m, vm_paddr_t paddr, vm_memattr_t memattr)
  {
  
          KASSERT((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0,
              ("vm_page_updatefake: bad page %p", m));
          m->phys_addr = paddr;
          pmap_page_set_memattr(m, memattr);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_free:
   *
   *      Free a page.
   */
  void
  vm_page_free(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
          vm_page_free_toq(m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_free_zero:
   *
   *      Free a page to the zerod-pages queue
   */
  void
  vm_page_free_zero(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          m->flags |= PG_ZERO;
          vm_page_free_toq(m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Unbusy and handle the page queueing for a page from a getpages request that
   * was optionally read ahead or behind.
   */
  void
  vm_page_readahead_finish(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          /* We shouldn't put invalid pages on queues. */
          KASSERT(m->valid != 0, ("%s: %p is invalid", __func__, m));
  
          /*
           * Since the page is not the actually needed one, whether it should
           * be activated or deactivated is not obvious.  Empirical results
           * have shown that deactivating the page is usually the best choice,
           * unless the page is wanted by another thread.
           */
          vm_page_lock(m);
          if ((m->busy_lock & VPB_BIT_WAITERS) != 0)
                  vm_page_activate(m);
          else
                  vm_page_deactivate(m);
          vm_page_unlock(m);
          vm_page_xunbusy(m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_sleep_if_busy:
   *
   *      Sleep and release the page queues lock if the page is busied.
   *      Returns TRUE if the thread slept.
   *
   *      The given page must be unlocked and object containing it must
   *      be locked.
   */
  int
  vm_page_sleep_if_busy(vm_page_t m, const char *msg)
  {
          vm_object_t obj;
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_NOTOWNED);
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
  
          if (vm_page_busied(m)) {
                  /*
                   * The page-specific object must be cached because page
                   * identity can change during the sleep, causing the
                   * re-lock of a different object.
                   * It is assumed that a reference to the object is already
                   * held by the callers.
                   */
                  obj = m->object;
                  vm_page_lock(m);
                  VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(obj);
                  vm_page_busy_sleep(m, msg, false);
                  VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(obj);
                  return (TRUE);
          }
          return (FALSE);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_dirty_KBI:              [ internal use only ]
   *
   *      Set all bits in the page's dirty field.
   *
   *      The object containing the specified page must be locked if the
   *      call is made from the machine-independent layer.
   *
   *      See vm_page_clear_dirty_mask().
   *
   *      This function should only be called by vm_page_dirty().
   */
  void
  vm_page_dirty_KBI(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          /* Refer to this operation by its public name. */
          KASSERT(m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
              ("vm_page_dirty: page is invalid!"));
          m->dirty = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_insert:         [ internal use only ]
   *
   *      Inserts the given mem entry into the object and object list.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   */
  int
  vm_page_insert(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t mpred;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          mpred = vm_radix_lookup_le(&object->rtree, pindex);
          return (vm_page_insert_after(m, object, pindex, mpred));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_insert_after:
   *
   *      Inserts the page "m" into the specified object at offset "pindex".
   *
   *      The page "mpred" must immediately precede the offset "pindex" within
   *      the specified object.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   */
  static int
  vm_page_insert_after(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex,
      vm_page_t mpred)
  {
          vm_page_t msucc;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          KASSERT(m->object == NULL,
              ("vm_page_insert_after: page already inserted"));
          if (mpred != NULL) {
                  KASSERT(mpred->object == object,
                      ("vm_page_insert_after: object doesn't contain mpred"));
                  KASSERT(mpred->pindex < pindex,
                      ("vm_page_insert_after: mpred doesn't precede pindex"));
                  msucc = TAILQ_NEXT(mpred, listq);
          } else
                  msucc = TAILQ_FIRST(&object->memq);
          if (msucc != NULL)
                  KASSERT(msucc->pindex > pindex,
                      ("vm_page_insert_after: msucc doesn't succeed pindex"));
  
          /*
           * Record the object/offset pair in this page
           */
          m->object = object;
          m->pindex = pindex;
  
          /*
           * Now link into the object's ordered list of backed pages.
           */
          if (vm_radix_insert(&object->rtree, m)) {
                  m->object = NULL;
                  m->pindex = 0;
                  return (1);
          }
          vm_page_insert_radixdone(m, object, mpred);
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_insert_radixdone:
   *
   *      Complete page "m" insertion into the specified object after the
   *      radix trie hooking.
   *
   *      The page "mpred" must precede the offset "m->pindex" within the
   *      specified object.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   */
  static void
  vm_page_insert_radixdone(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t object, vm_page_t mpred)
  {
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          KASSERT(object != NULL && m->object == object,
              ("vm_page_insert_radixdone: page %p has inconsistent object", m));
          if (mpred != NULL) {
                  KASSERT(mpred->object == object,
                      ("vm_page_insert_after: object doesn't contain mpred"));
                  KASSERT(mpred->pindex < m->pindex,
                      ("vm_page_insert_after: mpred doesn't precede pindex"));
          }
  
          if (mpred != NULL)
                  TAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(&object->memq, mpred, m, listq);
          else
                  TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&object->memq, m, listq);
  
          /*
           * Show that the object has one more resident page.
           */
          object->resident_page_count++;
  
          /*
           * Hold the vnode until the last page is released.
           */
          if (object->resident_page_count == 1 && object->type == OBJT_VNODE)
                  vhold(object->handle);
  
          /*
           * Since we are inserting a new and possibly dirty page,
           * update the object's OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY flag.
           */
          if (pmap_page_is_write_mapped(m))
                  vm_object_set_writeable_dirty(object);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_remove:
   *
   *      Removes the specified page from its containing object, but does not
   *      invalidate any backing storage.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.  The page must be locked if it is managed.
   */
  void
  vm_page_remove(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_object_t object;
          vm_page_t mrem;
  
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                  vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          if ((object = m->object) == NULL)
                  return;
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          if (vm_page_xbusied(m))
                  vm_page_xunbusy_maybelocked(m);
          mrem = vm_radix_remove(&object->rtree, m->pindex);
          KASSERT(mrem == m, ("removed page %p, expected page %p", mrem, m));
  
          /*
           * Now remove from the object's list of backed pages.
           */
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&object->memq, m, listq);
  
          /*
           * And show that the object has one fewer resident page.
           */
          object->resident_page_count--;
  
          /*
           * The vnode may now be recycled.
           */
          if (object->resident_page_count == 0 && object->type == OBJT_VNODE)
                  vdrop(object->handle);
  
          m->object = NULL;
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_lookup:
   *
   *      Returns the page associated with the object/offset
   *      pair specified; if none is found, NULL is returned.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_lookup(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(object);
          return (vm_radix_lookup(&object->rtree, pindex));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_find_least:
   *
   *      Returns the page associated with the object with least pindex
   *      greater than or equal to the parameter pindex, or NULL.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_find_least(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(object);
          if ((m = TAILQ_FIRST(&object->memq)) != NULL && m->pindex < pindex)
                  m = vm_radix_lookup_ge(&object->rtree, pindex);
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns the given page's successor (by pindex) within the object if it is
   * resident; if none is found, NULL is returned.
   *
   * The object must be locked.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_next(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_page_t next;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(m->object);
          if ((next = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq)) != NULL) {
                  MPASS(next->object == m->object);
                  if (next->pindex != m->pindex + 1)
                          next = NULL;
          }
          return (next);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns the given page's predecessor (by pindex) within the object if it is
   * resident; if none is found, NULL is returned.
   *
   * The object must be locked.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_prev(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_page_t prev;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(m->object);
          if ((prev = TAILQ_PREV(m, pglist, listq)) != NULL) {
                  MPASS(prev->object == m->object);
                  if (prev->pindex != m->pindex - 1)
                          prev = NULL;
          }
          return (prev);
  }
  
  /*
   * Uses the page mnew as a replacement for an existing page at index
   * pindex which must be already present in the object.
   *
   * The existing page must not be on a paging queue.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_replace(vm_page_t mnew, vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t mold;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          KASSERT(mnew->object == NULL,
              ("vm_page_replace: page %p already in object", mnew));
          KASSERT(mnew->queue == PQ_NONE,
              ("vm_page_replace: new page %p is on a paging queue", mnew));
  
          /*
           * This function mostly follows vm_page_insert() and
           * vm_page_remove() without the radix, object count and vnode
           * dance.  Double check such functions for more comments.
           */
  
          mnew->object = object;
          mnew->pindex = pindex;
          mold = vm_radix_replace(&object->rtree, mnew);
          KASSERT(mold->queue == PQ_NONE,
              ("vm_page_replace: old page %p is on a paging queue", mold));
  
          /* Keep the resident page list in sorted order. */
          TAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(&object->memq, mold, mnew, listq);
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&object->memq, mold, listq);
  
          mold->object = NULL;
          vm_page_xunbusy_maybelocked(mold);
  
          /*
           * The object's resident_page_count does not change because we have
           * swapped one page for another, but OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY.
           */
          if (pmap_page_is_write_mapped(mnew))
                  vm_object_set_writeable_dirty(object);
          return (mold);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_rename:
   *
   *      Move the given memory entry from its
   *      current object to the specified target object/offset.
   *
   *      Note: swap associated with the page must be invalidated by the move.  We
   *            have to do this for several reasons:  (1) we aren't freeing the
   *            page, (2) we are dirtying the page, (3) the VM system is probably
   *            moving the page from object A to B, and will then later move
   *            the backing store from A to B and we can't have a conflict.
   *
   *      Note: we *always* dirty the page.  It is necessary both for the
   *            fact that we moved it, and because we may be invalidating
   *            swap.
   *
   *      The objects must be locked.
   */
  int
  vm_page_rename(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t new_object, vm_pindex_t new_pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t mpred;
          vm_pindex_t opidx;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(new_object);
  
          mpred = vm_radix_lookup_le(&new_object->rtree, new_pindex);
          KASSERT(mpred == NULL || mpred->pindex != new_pindex,
              ("vm_page_rename: pindex already renamed"));
  
          /*
           * Create a custom version of vm_page_insert() which does not depend
           * by m_prev and can cheat on the implementation aspects of the
           * function.
           */
          opidx = m->pindex;
          m->pindex = new_pindex;
          if (vm_radix_insert(&new_object->rtree, m)) {
                  m->pindex = opidx;
                  return (1);
          }
  
          /*
           * The operation cannot fail anymore.  The removal must happen before
           * the listq iterator is tainted.
           */
          m->pindex = opidx;
          vm_page_lock(m);
          vm_page_remove(m);
  
          /* Return back to the new pindex to complete vm_page_insert(). */
          m->pindex = new_pindex;
          m->object = new_object;
          vm_page_unlock(m);
          vm_page_insert_radixdone(m, new_object, mpred);
          vm_page_dirty(m);
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_alloc:
   *
   *      Allocate and return a page that is associated with the specified
   *      object and offset pair.  By default, this page is exclusive busied.
   *
   *      The caller must always specify an allocation class.
   *
   *      allocation classes:
   *      VM_ALLOC_NORMAL         normal process request
   *      VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM         system *really* needs a page
   *      VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT      interrupt time request
   *
   *      optional allocation flags:
   *      VM_ALLOC_COUNT(number)  the number of additional pages that the caller
   *                              intends to allocate
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY         do not exclusive busy the page
   *      VM_ALLOC_NODUMP         do not include the page in a kernel core dump
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ          page is not associated with an object and
   *                              should not be exclusive busy
   *      VM_ALLOC_SBUSY          shared busy the allocated page
   *      VM_ALLOC_WIRED          wire the allocated page
   *      VM_ALLOC_ZERO           prefer a zeroed page
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int req)
  {
  
          return (vm_page_alloc_after(object, pindex, req, object != NULL ?
              vm_radix_lookup_le(&object->rtree, pindex) : NULL));
  }
  
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_domain(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int domain,
      int req)
  {
  
          return (vm_page_alloc_domain_after(object, pindex, domain, req,
              object != NULL ? vm_radix_lookup_le(&object->rtree, pindex) :
              NULL));
  }
  
  /*
   * Allocate a page in the specified object with the given page index.  To
   * optimize insertion of the page into the object, the caller must also specifiy
   * the resident page in the object with largest index smaller than the given
   * page index, or NULL if no such page exists.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_after(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex,
      int req, vm_page_t mpred)
  {
          struct vm_domainset_iter di;
          vm_page_t m;
          int domain;
  
          vm_domainset_iter_page_init(&di, object, pindex, &domain, &req);
          do {
                  m = vm_page_alloc_domain_after(object, pindex, domain, req,
                      mpred);
                  if (m != NULL)
                          break;
          } while (vm_domainset_iter_page(&di, object, &domain) == 0);
  
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns true if the number of free pages exceeds the minimum
   * for the request class and false otherwise.
   */
  int
  vm_domain_allocate(struct vm_domain *vmd, int req, int npages)
  {
          u_int limit, old, new;
  
          req = req & VM_ALLOC_CLASS_MASK;
  
          /*
           * The page daemon is allowed to dig deeper into the free page list.
           */
          if (curproc == pageproc && req != VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT)
                  req = VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM;
          if (req == VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT)
                  limit = 0;
          else if (req == VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM)
                  limit = vmd->vmd_interrupt_free_min;
          else
                  limit = vmd->vmd_free_reserved;
  
          /*
           * Attempt to reserve the pages.  Fail if we're below the limit.
           */
          limit += npages;
          old = vmd->vmd_free_count;
          do {
                  if (old < limit)
                          return (0);
                  new = old - npages;
          } while (atomic_fcmpset_int(&vmd->vmd_free_count, &old, new) == 0);
  
          /* Wake the page daemon if we've crossed the threshold. */
          if (vm_paging_needed(vmd, new) && !vm_paging_needed(vmd, old))
                  pagedaemon_wakeup(vmd->vmd_domain);
  
          /* Only update bitsets on transitions. */
          if ((old >= vmd->vmd_free_min && new < vmd->vmd_free_min) ||
              (old >= vmd->vmd_free_severe && new < vmd->vmd_free_severe))
                  vm_domain_set(vmd);
  
          return (1);
  }
  
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_domain_after(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int domain,
      int req, vm_page_t mpred)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          vm_page_t m;
          int flags;
  
          KASSERT((object != NULL) == ((req & VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ) == 0) &&
              (object != NULL || (req & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) == 0) &&
              ((req & (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)) !=
              (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)),
              ("inconsistent object(%p)/req(%x)", object, req));
          KASSERT(object == NULL || (req & VM_ALLOC_WAITOK) == 0,
              ("Can't sleep and retry object insertion."));
          KASSERT(mpred == NULL || mpred->pindex < pindex,
              ("mpred %p doesn't precede pindex 0x%jx", mpred,
              (uintmax_t)pindex));
          if (object != NULL)
                  VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
  
  again:
          m = NULL;
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
          /*
           * Can we allocate the page from a reservation?
           */
          if (vm_object_reserv(object) &&
              ((m = vm_reserv_extend(req, object, pindex, domain, mpred)) != NULL ||
              (m = vm_reserv_alloc_page(req, object, pindex, domain, mpred)) != NULL)) {
                  domain = vm_phys_domain(m);
                  vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
                  goto found;
          }
  #endif
          vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
          if (object != NULL && vmd->vmd_pgcache != NULL) {
                  m = uma_zalloc(vmd->vmd_pgcache, M_NOWAIT);
                  if (m != NULL)
                          goto found;
          }
          if (vm_domain_allocate(vmd, req, 1)) {
                  /*
                   * If not, allocate it from the free page queues.
                   */
                  vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
                  m = vm_phys_alloc_pages(domain, object != NULL ?
                      VM_FREEPOOL_DEFAULT : VM_FREEPOOL_DIRECT, 0);
                  vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
                  if (m == NULL) {
                          vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, 1);
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                          if (vm_reserv_reclaim_inactive(domain))
                                  goto again;
  #endif
                  }
          }
          if (m == NULL) {
                  /*
                   * Not allocatable, give up.
                   */
                  if (vm_domain_alloc_fail(vmd, object, req))
                          goto again;
                  return (NULL);
          }
  
          /*
           *  At this point we had better have found a good page.
           */
          KASSERT(m != NULL, ("missing page"));
  
  found:
          vm_page_dequeue(m);
          vm_page_alloc_check(m);
  
          /*
           * Initialize the page.  Only the PG_ZERO flag is inherited.
           */
          flags = 0;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_ZERO) != 0)
                  flags = PG_ZERO;
          flags &= m->flags;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_NODUMP) != 0)
                  flags |= PG_NODUMP;
          m->flags = flags;
          m->aflags = 0;
          m->oflags = object == NULL || (object->flags & OBJ_UNMANAGED) != 0 ?
              VPO_UNMANAGED : 0;
          m->busy_lock = VPB_UNBUSIED;
          if ((req & (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)) == 0)
                  m->busy_lock = VPB_SINGLE_EXCLUSIVER;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) != 0)
                  m->busy_lock = VPB_SHARERS_WORD(1);
          if (req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) {
                  /*
                   * The page lock is not required for wiring a page until that
                   * page is inserted into the object.
                   */
                  vm_wire_add(1);
                  m->wire_count = 1;
          }
          m->act_count = 0;
  
          if (object != NULL) {
                  if (vm_page_insert_after(m, object, pindex, mpred)) {
                          if (req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) {
                                  vm_wire_sub(1);
                                  m->wire_count = 0;
                          }
                          KASSERT(m->object == NULL, ("page %p has object", m));
                          m->oflags = VPO_UNMANAGED;
                          m->busy_lock = VPB_UNBUSIED;
                          /* Don't change PG_ZERO. */
                          vm_page_free_toq(m);
                          if (req & VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL) {
                                  VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                                  vm_radix_wait();
                                  VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
                          }
                          return (NULL);
                  }
  
                  /* Ignore device objects; the pager sets "memattr" for them. */
                  if (object->memattr != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT &&
                      (object->flags & OBJ_FICTITIOUS) == 0)
                          pmap_page_set_memattr(m, object->memattr);
          } else
                  m->pindex = pindex;
  
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_alloc_contig:
   *
   *      Allocate a contiguous set of physical pages of the given size "npages"
   *      from the free lists.  All of the physical pages must be at or above
   *      the given physical address "low" and below the given physical address
   *      "high".  The given value "alignment" determines the alignment of the
   *      first physical page in the set.  If the given value "boundary" is
   *      non-zero, then the set of physical pages cannot cross any physical
   *      address boundary that is a multiple of that value.  Both "alignment"
   *      and "boundary" must be a power of two.
   *
   *      If the specified memory attribute, "memattr", is VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT,
   *      then the memory attribute setting for the physical pages is configured
   *      to the object's memory attribute setting.  Otherwise, the memory
   *      attribute setting for the physical pages is configured to "memattr",
   *      overriding the object's memory attribute setting.  However, if the
   *      object's memory attribute setting is not VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT, then the
   *      memory attribute setting for the physical pages cannot be configured
   *      to VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT.
   *
   *      The specified object may not contain fictitious pages.
   *
   *      The caller must always specify an allocation class.
   *
   *      allocation classes:
   *      VM_ALLOC_NORMAL         normal process request
   *      VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM         system *really* needs a page
   *      VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT      interrupt time request
   *
   *      optional allocation flags:
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY         do not exclusive busy the page
   *      VM_ALLOC_NODUMP         do not include the page in a kernel core dump
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ          page is not associated with an object and
   *                              should not be exclusive busy
   *      VM_ALLOC_SBUSY          shared busy the allocated page
   *      VM_ALLOC_WIRED          wire the allocated page
   *      VM_ALLOC_ZERO           prefer a zeroed page
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_contig(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int req,
      u_long npages, vm_paddr_t low, vm_paddr_t high, u_long alignment,
      vm_paddr_t boundary, vm_memattr_t memattr)
  {
          struct vm_domainset_iter di;
          vm_page_t m;
          int domain;
  
          vm_domainset_iter_page_init(&di, object, pindex, &domain, &req);
          do {
                  m = vm_page_alloc_contig_domain(object, pindex, domain, req,
                      npages, low, high, alignment, boundary, memattr);
                  if (m != NULL)
                          break;
          } while (vm_domainset_iter_page(&di, object, &domain) == 0);
  
          return (m);
  }
  
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_contig_domain(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int domain,
      int req, u_long npages, vm_paddr_t low, vm_paddr_t high, u_long alignment,
      vm_paddr_t boundary, vm_memattr_t memattr)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          vm_page_t m, m_ret, mpred;
          u_int busy_lock, flags, oflags;
  
          mpred = NULL;   /* XXX: pacify gcc */
          KASSERT((object != NULL) == ((req & VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ) == 0) &&
              (object != NULL || (req & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) == 0) &&
              ((req & (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)) !=
              (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)),
              ("vm_page_alloc_contig: inconsistent object(%p)/req(%x)", object,
              req));
          KASSERT(object == NULL || (req & VM_ALLOC_WAITOK) == 0,
              ("Can't sleep and retry object insertion."));
          if (object != NULL) {
                  VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
                  KASSERT((object->flags & OBJ_FICTITIOUS) == 0,
                      ("vm_page_alloc_contig: object %p has fictitious pages",
                      object));
          }
          KASSERT(npages > 0, ("vm_page_alloc_contig: npages is zero"));
  
          if (object != NULL) {
                  mpred = vm_radix_lookup_le(&object->rtree, pindex);
                  KASSERT(mpred == NULL || mpred->pindex != pindex,
                      ("vm_page_alloc_contig: pindex already allocated"));
          }
  
          /*
           * Can we allocate the pages without the number of free pages falling
           * below the lower bound for the allocation class?
           */
  again:
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
          /*
           * Can we allocate the pages from a reservation?
           */
          if (vm_object_reserv(object) &&
              ((m_ret = vm_reserv_extend_contig(req, object, pindex, domain,
              npages, low, high, alignment, boundary, mpred)) != NULL ||
              (m_ret = vm_reserv_alloc_contig(req, object, pindex, domain,
              npages, low, high, alignment, boundary, mpred)) != NULL)) {
                  domain = vm_phys_domain(m_ret);
                  vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
                  goto found;
          }
  #endif
          m_ret = NULL;
          vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
          if (vm_domain_allocate(vmd, req, npages)) {
                  /*
                   * allocate them from the free page queues.
                   */
                  vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
                  m_ret = vm_phys_alloc_contig(domain, npages, low, high,
                      alignment, boundary);
                  vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
                  if (m_ret == NULL) {
                          vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, npages);
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                          if (vm_reserv_reclaim_contig(domain, npages, low,
                              high, alignment, boundary))
                                  goto again;
  #endif
                  }
          }
          if (m_ret == NULL) {
                  if (vm_domain_alloc_fail(vmd, object, req))
                          goto again;
                  return (NULL);
          }
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
  found:
  #endif
          for (m = m_ret; m < &m_ret[npages]; m++) {
                  vm_page_dequeue(m);
                  vm_page_alloc_check(m);
          }
  
          /*
           * Initialize the pages.  Only the PG_ZERO flag is inherited.
           */
          flags = 0;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_ZERO) != 0)
                  flags = PG_ZERO;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_NODUMP) != 0)
                  flags |= PG_NODUMP;
          oflags = object == NULL || (object->flags & OBJ_UNMANAGED) != 0 ?
              VPO_UNMANAGED : 0;
          busy_lock = VPB_UNBUSIED;
          if ((req & (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)) == 0)
                  busy_lock = VPB_SINGLE_EXCLUSIVER;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) != 0)
                  busy_lock = VPB_SHARERS_WORD(1);
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0)
                  vm_wire_add(npages);
          if (object != NULL) {
                  if (object->memattr != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT &&
                      memattr == VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT)
                          memattr = object->memattr;
          }
          for (m = m_ret; m < &m_ret[npages]; m++) {
                  m->aflags = 0;
                  m->flags = (m->flags | PG_NODUMP) & flags;
                  m->busy_lock = busy_lock;
                  if ((req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0)
                          m->wire_count = 1;
                  m->act_count = 0;
                  m->oflags = oflags;
                  if (object != NULL) {
                          if (vm_page_insert_after(m, object, pindex, mpred)) {
                                  if ((req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0)
                                          vm_wire_sub(npages);
                                  KASSERT(m->object == NULL,
                                      ("page %p has object", m));
                                  mpred = m;
                                  for (m = m_ret; m < &m_ret[npages]; m++) {
                                          if (m <= mpred &&
                                              (req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0)
                                                  m->wire_count = 0;
                                          m->oflags = VPO_UNMANAGED;
                                          m->busy_lock = VPB_UNBUSIED;
                                          /* Don't change PG_ZERO. */
                                          vm_page_free_toq(m);
                                  }
                                  if (req & VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL) {
                                          VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                                          vm_radix_wait();
                                          VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
                                  }
                                  return (NULL);
                          }
                          mpred = m;
                  } else
                          m->pindex = pindex;
                  if (memattr != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT)
                          pmap_page_set_memattr(m, memattr);
                  pindex++;
          }
          return (m_ret);
  }
  
  /*
   * Check a page that has been freshly dequeued from a freelist.
   */
  static void
  vm_page_alloc_check(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          KASSERT(m->object == NULL, ("page %p has object", m));
          KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_NONE && (m->aflags & PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK) == 0,
              ("page %p has unexpected queue %d, flags %#x",
              m, m->queue, (m->aflags & PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK)));
          KASSERT(!vm_page_held(m), ("page %p is held", m));
          KASSERT(!vm_page_busied(m), ("page %p is busy", m));
          KASSERT(m->dirty == 0, ("page %p is dirty", m));
          KASSERT(pmap_page_get_memattr(m) == VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT,
              ("page %p has unexpected memattr %d",
              m, pmap_page_get_memattr(m)));
          KASSERT(m->valid == 0, ("free page %p is valid", m));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_alloc_freelist:
   *
   *      Allocate a physical page from the specified free page list.
   *
   *      The caller must always specify an allocation class.
   *
   *      allocation classes:
   *      VM_ALLOC_NORMAL         normal process request
   *      VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM         system *really* needs a page
   *      VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT      interrupt time request
   *
   *      optional allocation flags:
   *      VM_ALLOC_COUNT(number)  the number of additional pages that the caller
   *                              intends to allocate
   *      VM_ALLOC_WIRED          wire the allocated page
   *      VM_ALLOC_ZERO           prefer a zeroed page
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_freelist(int freelist, int req)
  {
          struct vm_domainset_iter di;
          vm_page_t m;
          int domain;
  
          vm_domainset_iter_page_init(&di, NULL, 0, &domain, &req);
          do {
                  m = vm_page_alloc_freelist_domain(domain, freelist, req);
                  if (m != NULL)
                          break;
          } while (vm_domainset_iter_page(&di, NULL, &domain) == 0);
  
          return (m);
  }
  
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_freelist_domain(int domain, int freelist, int req)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          vm_page_t m;
          u_int flags;
  
          m = NULL;
          vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
  again:
          if (vm_domain_allocate(vmd, req, 1)) {
                  vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
                  m = vm_phys_alloc_freelist_pages(domain, freelist,
                      VM_FREEPOOL_DIRECT, 0);
                  vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
                  if (m == NULL)
                          vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, 1);
          }
          if (m == NULL) {
                  if (vm_domain_alloc_fail(vmd, NULL, req))
                          goto again;
                  return (NULL);
          }
          vm_page_dequeue(m);
          vm_page_alloc_check(m);
  
          /*
           * Initialize the page.  Only the PG_ZERO flag is inherited.
           */
          m->aflags = 0;
          flags = 0;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_ZERO) != 0)
                  flags = PG_ZERO;
          m->flags &= flags;
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0) {
                  /*
                   * The page lock is not required for wiring a page that does
                   * not belong to an object.
                   */
                  vm_wire_add(1);
                  m->wire_count = 1;
          }
          /* Unmanaged pages don't use "act_count". */
          m->oflags = VPO_UNMANAGED;
          return (m);
  }
  
  static int
  vm_page_import(void *arg, void **store, int cnt, int domain, int flags)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          int i;
  
          vmd = arg;
          /* Only import if we can bring in a full bucket. */
          if (cnt == 1 || !vm_domain_allocate(vmd, VM_ALLOC_NORMAL, cnt))
                  return (0);
          domain = vmd->vmd_domain;
          vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
          i = vm_phys_alloc_npages(domain, VM_FREEPOOL_DEFAULT, cnt,
              (vm_page_t *)store);
          vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
          if (cnt != i)
                  vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, cnt - i);
  
          return (i);
  }
  
  static void
  vm_page_release(void *arg, void **store, int cnt)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          vm_page_t m;
          int i;
  
          vmd = arg;
          vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
          for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
                  m = (vm_page_t)store[i];
                  vm_phys_free_pages(m, 0);
          }
          vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
          vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, cnt);
  }
  
  #define VPSC_ANY        0       /* No restrictions. */
  #define VPSC_NORESERV   1       /* Skip reservations; implies VPSC_NOSUPER. */
  #define VPSC_NOSUPER    2       /* Skip superpages. */
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_scan_contig:
   *
   *      Scan vm_page_array[] between the specified entries "m_start" and
   *      "m_end" for a run of contiguous physical pages that satisfy the
   *      specified conditions, and return the lowest page in the run.  The
   *      specified "alignment" determines the alignment of the lowest physical
   *      page in the run.  If the specified "boundary" is non-zero, then the
   *      run of physical pages cannot span a physical address that is a
   *      multiple of "boundary".
   *
   *      "m_end" is never dereferenced, so it need not point to a vm_page
   *      structure within vm_page_array[].
   *
   *      "npages" must be greater than zero.  "m_start" and "m_end" must not
   *      span a hole (or discontiguity) in the physical address space.  Both
   *      "alignment" and "boundary" must be a power of two.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_scan_contig(u_long npages, vm_page_t m_start, vm_page_t m_end,
      u_long alignment, vm_paddr_t boundary, int options)
  {
          struct mtx *m_mtx;
          vm_object_t object;
          vm_paddr_t pa;
          vm_page_t m, m_run;
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
          int level;
  #endif
          int m_inc, order, run_ext, run_len;
  
          KASSERT(npages > 0, ("npages is 0"));
          KASSERT(powerof2(alignment), ("alignment is not a power of 2"));
          KASSERT(powerof2(boundary), ("boundary is not a power of 2"));
          m_run = NULL;
          run_len = 0;
          m_mtx = NULL;
          for (m = m_start; m < m_end && run_len < npages; m += m_inc) {
                  KASSERT((m->flags & PG_MARKER) == 0,
                      ("page %p is PG_MARKER", m));
                  KASSERT((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) == 0 || m->wire_count == 1,
                      ("fictitious page %p has invalid wire count", m));
  
                  /*
                   * If the current page would be the start of a run, check its
                   * physical address against the end, alignment, and boundary
                   * conditions.  If it doesn't satisfy these conditions, either
                   * terminate the scan or advance to the next page that
                   * satisfies the failed condition.
                   */
                  if (run_len == 0) {
                          KASSERT(m_run == NULL, ("m_run != NULL"));
                          if (m + npages > m_end)
                                  break;
                          pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
                          if ((pa & (alignment - 1)) != 0) {
                                  m_inc = atop(roundup2(pa, alignment) - pa);
                                  continue;
                          }
                          if (rounddown2(pa ^ (pa + ptoa(npages) - 1),
                              boundary) != 0) {
                                  m_inc = atop(roundup2(pa, boundary) - pa);
                                  continue;
                          }
                  } else
                          KASSERT(m_run != NULL, ("m_run == NULL"));
  
                  vm_page_change_lock(m, &m_mtx);
                  m_inc = 1;
  retry:
                  if (vm_page_held(m))
                          run_ext = 0;
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                  else if ((level = vm_reserv_level(m)) >= 0 &&
                      (options & VPSC_NORESERV) != 0) {
                          run_ext = 0;
                          /* Advance to the end of the reservation. */
                          pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
                          m_inc = atop(roundup2(pa + 1, vm_reserv_size(level)) -
                              pa);
                  }
  #endif
                  else if ((object = m->object) != NULL) {
                          /*
                           * The page is considered eligible for relocation if
                           * and only if it could be laundered or reclaimed by
                           * the page daemon.
                           */
                          if (!VM_OBJECT_TRYRLOCK(object)) {
                                  mtx_unlock(m_mtx);
                                  VM_OBJECT_RLOCK(object);
                                  mtx_lock(m_mtx);
                                  if (m->object != object) {
                                          /*
                                           * The page may have been freed.
                                           */
                                          VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
                                          goto retry;
                                  } else if (vm_page_held(m)) {
                                          run_ext = 0;
                                          goto unlock;
                                  }
                          }
                          KASSERT((m->flags & PG_UNHOLDFREE) == 0,
                              ("page %p is PG_UNHOLDFREE", m));
                          /* Don't care: PG_NODUMP, PG_ZERO. */
                          if (object->type != OBJT_DEFAULT &&
                              object->type != OBJT_SWAP &&
                              object->type != OBJT_VNODE) {
                                  run_ext = 0;
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                          } else if ((options & VPSC_NOSUPER) != 0 &&
                              (level = vm_reserv_level_iffullpop(m)) >= 0) {
                                  run_ext = 0;
                                  /* Advance to the end of the superpage. */
                                  pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m);
                                  m_inc = atop(roundup2(pa + 1,
                                      vm_reserv_size(level)) - pa);
  #endif
                          } else if (object->memattr == VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT &&
                              vm_page_queue(m) != PQ_NONE && !vm_page_busied(m)) {
                                  /*
                                   * The page is allocated but eligible for
                                   * relocation.  Extend the current run by one
                                   * page.
                                   */
                                  KASSERT(pmap_page_get_memattr(m) ==
                                      VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT,
                                      ("page %p has an unexpected memattr", m));
                                  KASSERT((m->oflags & (VPO_SWAPINPROG |
                                      VPO_SWAPSLEEP | VPO_UNMANAGED)) == 0,
                                      ("page %p has unexpected oflags", m));
                                  /* Don't care: VPO_NOSYNC. */
                                  run_ext = 1;
                          } else
                                  run_ext = 0;
  unlock:
                          VM_OBJECT_RUNLOCK(object);
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                  } else if (level >= 0) {
                          /*
                           * The page is reserved but not yet allocated.  In
                           * other words, it is still free.  Extend the current
                           * run by one page.
                           */
                          run_ext = 1;
  #endif
                  } else if ((order = m->order) < VM_NFREEORDER) {
                          /*
                           * The page is enqueued in the physical memory
                           * allocator's free page queues.  Moreover, it is the
                           * first page in a power-of-two-sized run of
                           * contiguous free pages.  Add these pages to the end
                           * of the current run, and jump ahead.
                           */
                          run_ext = 1 << order;
                          m_inc = 1 << order;
                  } else {
                          /*
                           * Skip the page for one of the following reasons: (1)
                           * It is enqueued in the physical memory allocator's
                           * free page queues.  However, it is not the first
                           * page in a run of contiguous free pages.  (This case
                           * rarely occurs because the scan is performed in
                           * ascending order.) (2) It is not reserved, and it is
                           * transitioning from free to allocated.  (Conversely,
                           * the transition from allocated to free for managed
                           * pages is blocked by the page lock.) (3) It is
                           * allocated but not contained by an object and not
                           * wired, e.g., allocated by Xen's balloon driver.
                           */
                          run_ext = 0;
                  }
  
                  /*
                   * Extend or reset the current run of pages.
                   */
                  if (run_ext > 0) {
                          if (run_len == 0)
                                  m_run = m;
                          run_len += run_ext;
                  } else {
                          if (run_len > 0) {
                                  m_run = NULL;
                                  run_len = 0;
                          }
                  }
          }
          if (m_mtx != NULL)
                  mtx_unlock(m_mtx);
          if (run_len >= npages)
                  return (m_run);
          return (NULL);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_reclaim_run:
   *
   *      Try to relocate each of the allocated virtual pages within the
   *      specified run of physical pages to a new physical address.  Free the
   *      physical pages underlying the relocated virtual pages.  A virtual page
   *      is relocatable if and only if it could be laundered or reclaimed by
   *      the page daemon.  Whenever possible, a virtual page is relocated to a
   *      physical address above "high".
   *
   *      Returns 0 if every physical page within the run was already free or
   *      just freed by a successful relocation.  Otherwise, returns a non-zero
   *      value indicating why the last attempt to relocate a virtual page was
   *      unsuccessful.
   *
   *      "req_class" must be an allocation class.
   */
  static int
  vm_page_reclaim_run(int req_class, int domain, u_long npages, vm_page_t m_run,
      vm_paddr_t high)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          struct mtx *m_mtx;
          struct spglist free;
          vm_object_t object;
          vm_paddr_t pa;
          vm_page_t m, m_end, m_new;
          int error, order, req;
  
          KASSERT((req_class & VM_ALLOC_CLASS_MASK) == req_class,
              ("req_class is not an allocation class"));
          SLIST_INIT(&free);
          error = 0;
          m = m_run;
          m_end = m_run + npages;
          m_mtx = NULL;
          for (; error == 0 && m < m_end; m++) {
                  KASSERT((m->flags & (PG_FICTITIOUS | PG_MARKER)) == 0,
                      ("page %p is PG_FICTITIOUS or PG_MARKER", m));
  
                  /*
                   * Avoid releasing and reacquiring the same page lock.
                   */
                  vm_page_change_lock(m, &m_mtx);
  retry:
                  if (vm_page_held(m))
                          error = EBUSY;
                  else if ((object = m->object) != NULL) {
                          /*
                           * The page is relocated if and only if it could be
                           * laundered or reclaimed by the page daemon.
                           */
                          if (!VM_OBJECT_TRYWLOCK(object)) {
                                  mtx_unlock(m_mtx);
                                  VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
                                  mtx_lock(m_mtx);
                                  if (m->object != object) {
                                          /*
                                           * The page may have been freed.
                                           */
                                          VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                                          goto retry;
                                  } else if (vm_page_held(m)) {
                                          error = EBUSY;
                                          goto unlock;
                                  }
                          }
                          KASSERT((m->flags & PG_UNHOLDFREE) == 0,
                              ("page %p is PG_UNHOLDFREE", m));
                          /* Don't care: PG_NODUMP, PG_ZERO. */
                          if (object->type != OBJT_DEFAULT &&
                              object->type != OBJT_SWAP &&
                              object->type != OBJT_VNODE)
                                  error = EINVAL;
                          else if (object->memattr != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT)
                                  error = EINVAL;
                          else if (vm_page_queue(m) != PQ_NONE &&
                              !vm_page_busied(m)) {
                                  KASSERT(pmap_page_get_memattr(m) ==
                                      VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT,
                                      ("page %p has an unexpected memattr", m));
                                  KASSERT((m->oflags & (VPO_SWAPINPROG |
                                      VPO_SWAPSLEEP | VPO_UNMANAGED)) == 0,
                                      ("page %p has unexpected oflags", m));
                                  /* Don't care: VPO_NOSYNC. */
                                  if (m->valid != 0) {
                                          /*
                                           * First, try to allocate a new page
                                           * that is above "high".  Failing
                                           * that, try to allocate a new page
                                           * that is below "m_run".  Allocate
                                           * the new page between the end of
                                           * "m_run" and "high" only as a last
                                           * resort.
                                           */
                                          req = req_class | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ;
                                          if ((m->flags & PG_NODUMP) != 0)
                                                  req |= VM_ALLOC_NODUMP;
                                          if (trunc_page(high) !=
                                              ~(vm_paddr_t)PAGE_MASK) {
                                                  m_new = vm_page_alloc_contig(
                                                      NULL, 0, req, 1,
                                                      round_page(high),
                                                      ~(vm_paddr_t)0,
                                                      PAGE_SIZE, 0,
                                                      VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT);
                                          } else
                                                  m_new = NULL;
                                          if (m_new == NULL) {
                                                  pa = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m_run);
                                                  m_new = vm_page_alloc_contig(
                                                      NULL, 0, req, 1,
                                                      0, pa - 1, PAGE_SIZE, 0,
                                                      VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT);
                                          }
                                          if (m_new == NULL) {
                                                  pa += ptoa(npages);
                                                  m_new = vm_page_alloc_contig(
                                                      NULL, 0, req, 1,
                                                      pa, high, PAGE_SIZE, 0,
                                                      VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT);
                                          }
                                          if (m_new == NULL) {
                                                  error = ENOMEM;
                                                  goto unlock;
                                          }
                                          KASSERT(m_new->wire_count == 0,
                                              ("page %p is wired", m_new));
  
                                          /*
                                           * Replace "m" with the new page.  For
                                           * vm_page_replace(), "m" must be busy
                                           * and dequeued.  Finally, change "m"
                                           * as if vm_page_free() was called.
                                           */
                                          if (object->ref_count != 0)
                                                  pmap_remove_all(m);
                                          m_new->aflags = m->aflags &
                                              ~PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK;
                                          KASSERT(m_new->oflags == VPO_UNMANAGED,
                                              ("page %p is managed", m_new));
                                          m_new->oflags = m->oflags & VPO_NOSYNC;
                                          pmap_copy_page(m, m_new);
                                          m_new->valid = m->valid;
                                          m_new->dirty = m->dirty;
                                          m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
                                          vm_page_xbusy(m);
                                          vm_page_dequeue(m);
                                          vm_page_replace_checked(m_new, object,
                                              m->pindex, m);
                                          if (vm_page_free_prep(m))
                                                  SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&free, m,
                                                      plinks.s.ss);
  
                                          /*
                                           * The new page must be deactivated
                                           * before the object is unlocked.
                                           */
                                          vm_page_change_lock(m_new, &m_mtx);
                                          vm_page_deactivate(m_new);
                                  } else {
                                          m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
                                          vm_page_dequeue(m);
                                          vm_page_remove(m);
                                          if (vm_page_free_prep(m))
                                                  SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&free, m,
                                                      plinks.s.ss);
                                          KASSERT(m->dirty == 0,
                                              ("page %p is dirty", m));
                                  }
                          } else
                                  error = EBUSY;
  unlock:
                          VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                  } else {
                          MPASS(vm_phys_domain(m) == domain);
                          vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
                          vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
                          order = m->order;
                          if (order < VM_NFREEORDER) {
                                  /*
                                   * The page is enqueued in the physical memory
                                   * allocator's free page queues.  Moreover, it
                                   * is the first page in a power-of-two-sized
                                   * run of contiguous free pages.  Jump ahead
                                   * to the last page within that run, and
                                   * continue from there.
                                   */
                                  m += (1 << order) - 1;
                          }
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                          else if (vm_reserv_is_page_free(m))
                                  order = 0;
  #endif
                          vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
                          if (order == VM_NFREEORDER)
                                  error = EINVAL;
                  }
          }
          if (m_mtx != NULL)
                  mtx_unlock(m_mtx);
          if ((m = SLIST_FIRST(&free)) != NULL) {
                  int cnt;
  
                  vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
                  cnt = 0;
                  vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
                  do {
                          MPASS(vm_phys_domain(m) == domain);
                          SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(&free, plinks.s.ss);
                          vm_phys_free_pages(m, 0);
                          cnt++;
                  } while ((m = SLIST_FIRST(&free)) != NULL);
                  vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
                  vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, cnt);
          }
          return (error);
  }
  
  #define NRUNS   16
  
  CTASSERT(powerof2(NRUNS));
  
  #define RUN_INDEX(count)        ((count) & (NRUNS - 1))
  
  #define MIN_RECLAIM     8
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_reclaim_contig:
   *
   *      Reclaim allocated, contiguous physical memory satisfying the specified
   *      conditions by relocating the virtual pages using that physical memory.
   *      Returns true if reclamation is successful and false otherwise.  Since
   *      relocation requires the allocation of physical pages, reclamation may
   *      fail due to a shortage of free pages.  When reclamation fails, callers
   *      are expected to perform vm_wait() before retrying a failed allocation
   *      operation, e.g., vm_page_alloc_contig().
   *
   *      The caller must always specify an allocation class through "req".
   *
   *      allocation classes:
   *      VM_ALLOC_NORMAL         normal process request
   *      VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM         system *really* needs a page
   *      VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT      interrupt time request
   *
   *      The optional allocation flags are ignored.
   *
   *      "npages" must be greater than zero.  Both "alignment" and "boundary"
   *      must be a power of two.
   */
  bool
  vm_page_reclaim_contig_domain(int domain, int req, u_long npages,
      vm_paddr_t low, vm_paddr_t high, u_long alignment, vm_paddr_t boundary)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          vm_paddr_t curr_low;
          vm_page_t m_run, m_runs[NRUNS];
          u_long count, reclaimed;
          int error, i, options, req_class;
  
          KASSERT(npages > 0, ("npages is 0"));
          KASSERT(powerof2(alignment), ("alignment is not a power of 2"));
          KASSERT(powerof2(boundary), ("boundary is not a power of 2"));
          req_class = req & VM_ALLOC_CLASS_MASK;
  
          /*
           * The page daemon is allowed to dig deeper into the free page list.
           */
          if (curproc == pageproc && req_class != VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT)
                  req_class = VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM;
  
          /*
           * Return if the number of free pages cannot satisfy the requested
           * allocation.
           */
          vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
          count = vmd->vmd_free_count;
          if (count < npages + vmd->vmd_free_reserved || (count < npages +
              vmd->vmd_interrupt_free_min && req_class == VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM) ||
              (count < npages && req_class == VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT))
                  return (false);
  
          /*
           * Scan up to three times, relaxing the restrictions ("options") on
           * the reclamation of reservations and superpages each time.
           */
          for (options = VPSC_NORESERV;;) {
                  /*
                   * Find the highest runs that satisfy the given constraints
                   * and restrictions, and record them in "m_runs".
                   */
                  curr_low = low;
                  count = 0;
                  for (;;) {
                          m_run = vm_phys_scan_contig(domain, npages, curr_low,
                              high, alignment, boundary, options);
                          if (m_run == NULL)
                                  break;
                          curr_low = VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m_run) + ptoa(npages);
                          m_runs[RUN_INDEX(count)] = m_run;
                          count++;
                  }
  
                  /*
                   * Reclaim the highest runs in LIFO (descending) order until
                   * the number of reclaimed pages, "reclaimed", is at least
                   * MIN_RECLAIM.  Reset "reclaimed" each time because each
                   * reclamation is idempotent, and runs will (likely) recur
                   * from one scan to the next as restrictions are relaxed.
                   */
                  reclaimed = 0;
                  for (i = 0; count > 0 && i < NRUNS; i++) {
                          count--;
                          m_run = m_runs[RUN_INDEX(count)];
                          error = vm_page_reclaim_run(req_class, domain, npages,
                              m_run, high);
                          if (error == 0) {
                                  reclaimed += npages;
                                  if (reclaimed >= MIN_RECLAIM)
                                          return (true);
                          }
                  }
  
                  /*
                   * Either relax the restrictions on the next scan or return if
                   * the last scan had no restrictions.
                   */
                  if (options == VPSC_NORESERV)
                          options = VPSC_NOSUPER;
                  else if (options == VPSC_NOSUPER)
                          options = VPSC_ANY;
                  else if (options == VPSC_ANY)
                          return (reclaimed != 0);
          }
  }
  
  bool
  vm_page_reclaim_contig(int req, u_long npages, vm_paddr_t low, vm_paddr_t high,
      u_long alignment, vm_paddr_t boundary)
  {
          struct vm_domainset_iter di;
          int domain;
          bool ret;
  
          vm_domainset_iter_page_init(&di, NULL, 0, &domain, &req);
          do {
                  ret = vm_page_reclaim_contig_domain(domain, req, npages, low,
                      high, alignment, boundary);
                  if (ret)
                          break;
          } while (vm_domainset_iter_page(&di, NULL, &domain) == 0);
  
          return (ret);
  }
  
  /*
   * Set the domain in the appropriate page level domainset.
   */
  void
  vm_domain_set(struct vm_domain *vmd)
  {
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
          if (!vmd->vmd_minset && vm_paging_min(vmd)) {
                  vmd->vmd_minset = 1;
                  DOMAINSET_SET(vmd->vmd_domain, &vm_min_domains);
          }
          if (!vmd->vmd_severeset && vm_paging_severe(vmd)) {
                  vmd->vmd_severeset = 1;
                  DOMAINSET_SET(vmd->vmd_domain, &vm_severe_domains);
          }
          mtx_unlock(&vm_domainset_lock);
  }
  
  /*
   * Clear the domain from the appropriate page level domainset.
   */
  void
  vm_domain_clear(struct vm_domain *vmd)
  {
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
          if (vmd->vmd_minset && !vm_paging_min(vmd)) {
                  vmd->vmd_minset = 0;
                  DOMAINSET_CLR(vmd->vmd_domain, &vm_min_domains);
                  if (vm_min_waiters != 0) {
                          vm_min_waiters = 0;
                          wakeup(&vm_min_domains);
                  }
          }
          if (vmd->vmd_severeset && !vm_paging_severe(vmd)) {
                  vmd->vmd_severeset = 0;
                  DOMAINSET_CLR(vmd->vmd_domain, &vm_severe_domains);
                  if (vm_severe_waiters != 0) {
                          vm_severe_waiters = 0;
                          wakeup(&vm_severe_domains);
                  }
          }
  
          /*
           * If pageout daemon needs pages, then tell it that there are
           * some free.
           */
          if (vmd->vmd_pageout_pages_needed &&
              vmd->vmd_free_count >= vmd->vmd_pageout_free_min) {
                  wakeup(&vmd->vmd_pageout_pages_needed);
                  vmd->vmd_pageout_pages_needed = 0;
          }
  
          /* See comments in vm_wait_doms(). */
          if (vm_pageproc_waiters) {
                  vm_pageproc_waiters = 0;
                  wakeup(&vm_pageproc_waiters);
          }
          mtx_unlock(&vm_domainset_lock);
  }
  
  /*
   * Wait for free pages to exceed the min threshold globally.
   */
  void
  vm_wait_min(void)
  {
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
          while (vm_page_count_min()) {
                  vm_min_waiters++;
                  msleep(&vm_min_domains, &vm_domainset_lock, PVM, "vmwait", 0);
          }
          mtx_unlock(&vm_domainset_lock);
  }
  
  /*
   * Wait for free pages to exceed the severe threshold globally.
   */
  void
  vm_wait_severe(void)
  {
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
          while (vm_page_count_severe()) {
                  vm_severe_waiters++;
                  msleep(&vm_severe_domains, &vm_domainset_lock, PVM,
                      "vmwait", 0);
          }
          mtx_unlock(&vm_domainset_lock);
  }
  
  u_int
  vm_wait_count(void)
  {
  
          return (vm_severe_waiters + vm_min_waiters + vm_pageproc_waiters);
  }
  
  void
  vm_wait_doms(const domainset_t *wdoms)
  {
  
          /*
           * We use racey wakeup synchronization to avoid expensive global
           * locking for the pageproc when sleeping with a non-specific vm_wait.
           * To handle this, we only sleep for one tick in this instance.  It
           * is expected that most allocations for the pageproc will come from
           * kmem or vm_page_grab* which will use the more specific and
           * race-free vm_wait_domain().
           */
          if (curproc == pageproc) {
                  mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
                  vm_pageproc_waiters++;
                  msleep(&vm_pageproc_waiters, &vm_domainset_lock, PVM | PDROP,
                      "pageprocwait", 1);
          } else {
                  /*
                   * XXX Ideally we would wait only until the allocation could
                   * be satisfied.  This condition can cause new allocators to
                   * consume all freed pages while old allocators wait.
                   */
                  mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
                  if (vm_page_count_min_set(wdoms)) {
                          vm_min_waiters++;
                          msleep(&vm_min_domains, &vm_domainset_lock,
                              PVM | PDROP, "vmwait", 0);
                  } else
                          mtx_unlock(&vm_domainset_lock);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_wait_domain:
   *
   *      Sleep until free pages are available for allocation.
   *      - Called in various places after failed memory allocations.
   */
  void
  vm_wait_domain(int domain)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          domainset_t wdom;
  
          vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
          vm_domain_free_assert_unlocked(vmd);
  
          if (curproc == pageproc) {
                  mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
                  if (vmd->vmd_free_count < vmd->vmd_pageout_free_min) {
                          vmd->vmd_pageout_pages_needed = 1;
                          msleep(&vmd->vmd_pageout_pages_needed,
                              &vm_domainset_lock, PDROP | PSWP, "VMWait", 0);
                  } else
                          mtx_unlock(&vm_domainset_lock);
          } else {
                  if (pageproc == NULL)
                          panic("vm_wait in early boot");
                  DOMAINSET_ZERO(&wdom);
                  DOMAINSET_SET(vmd->vmd_domain, &wdom);
                  vm_wait_doms(&wdom);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_wait:
   *
   *      Sleep until free pages are available for allocation in the
   *      affinity domains of the obj.  If obj is NULL, the domain set
   *      for the calling thread is used.
   *      Called in various places after failed memory allocations.
   */
  void
  vm_wait(vm_object_t obj)
  {
          struct domainset *d;
  
          d = NULL;
  
          /*
           * Carefully fetch pointers only once: the struct domainset
           * itself is ummutable but the pointer might change.
           */
          if (obj != NULL)
                  d = obj->domain.dr_policy;
          if (d == NULL)
                  d = curthread->td_domain.dr_policy;
  
          vm_wait_doms(&d->ds_mask);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_domain_alloc_fail:
   *
   *      Called when a page allocation function fails.  Informs the
   *      pagedaemon and performs the requested wait.  Requires the
   *      domain_free and object lock on entry.  Returns with the
   *      object lock held and free lock released.  Returns an error when
   *      retry is necessary.
   *
   */
  static int
  vm_domain_alloc_fail(struct vm_domain *vmd, vm_object_t object, int req)
  {
  
          vm_domain_free_assert_unlocked(vmd);
  
          atomic_add_int(&vmd->vmd_pageout_deficit,
              max((u_int)req >> VM_ALLOC_COUNT_SHIFT, 1));
          if (req & (VM_ALLOC_WAITOK | VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL)) {
                  if (object != NULL) 
                          VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                  vm_wait_domain(vmd->vmd_domain);
                  if (object != NULL) 
                          VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
                  if (req & VM_ALLOC_WAITOK)
                          return (EAGAIN);
          }
  
          return (0);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_waitpfault:
   *
   *      Sleep until free pages are available for allocation.
   *      - Called only in vm_fault so that processes page faulting
   *        can be easily tracked.
   *      - Sleeps at a lower priority than vm_wait() so that vm_wait()ing
   *        processes will be able to grab memory first.  Do not change
   *        this balance without careful testing first.
   */
  void
  vm_waitpfault(struct domainset *dset)
  {
  
          /*
           * XXX Ideally we would wait only until the allocation could
           * be satisfied.  This condition can cause new allocators to
           * consume all freed pages while old allocators wait.
           */
          mtx_lock(&vm_domainset_lock);
          if (vm_page_count_min_set(&dset->ds_mask)) {
                  vm_min_waiters++;
                  msleep(&vm_min_domains, &vm_domainset_lock, PUSER | PDROP,
                      "pfault", 0);
          } else
                  mtx_unlock(&vm_domainset_lock);
  }
  
  struct vm_pagequeue *
  vm_page_pagequeue(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          return (&vm_pagequeue_domain(m)->vmd_pagequeues[m->queue]);
  }
  
  static struct mtx *
  vm_page_pagequeue_lockptr(vm_page_t m)
  {
          uint8_t queue;
  
          if ((queue = atomic_load_8(&m->queue)) == PQ_NONE)
                  return (NULL);
          return (&vm_pagequeue_domain(m)->vmd_pagequeues[queue].pq_mutex);
  }
  
  static inline void
  vm_pqbatch_process_page(struct vm_pagequeue *pq, vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          uint8_t qflags;
  
          CRITICAL_ASSERT(curthread);
          vm_pagequeue_assert_locked(pq);
  
          /*
           * The page daemon is allowed to set m->queue = PQ_NONE without
           * the page queue lock held.  In this case it is about to free the page,
           * which must not have any queue state.
           */
          qflags = atomic_load_8(&m->aflags) & PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK;
          KASSERT(pq == vm_page_pagequeue(m) || qflags == 0,
              ("page %p doesn't belong to queue %p but has queue state %#x",
              m, pq, qflags));
  
          if ((qflags & PGA_DEQUEUE) != 0) {
                  if (__predict_true((qflags & PGA_ENQUEUED) != 0)) {
                          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pq->pq_pl, m, plinks.q);
                          vm_pagequeue_cnt_dec(pq);
                  }
                  vm_page_dequeue_complete(m);
          } else if ((qflags & (PGA_REQUEUE | PGA_REQUEUE_HEAD)) != 0) {
                  if ((qflags & PGA_ENQUEUED) != 0)
                          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pq->pq_pl, m, plinks.q);
                  else {
                          vm_pagequeue_cnt_inc(pq);
                          vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_ENQUEUED);
                  }
                  if ((qflags & PGA_REQUEUE_HEAD) != 0) {
                          KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_INACTIVE,
                              ("head enqueue not supported for page %p", m));
                          vmd = vm_pagequeue_domain(m);
                          TAILQ_INSERT_BEFORE(&vmd->vmd_inacthead, m, plinks.q);
                  } else
                          TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&pq->pq_pl, m, plinks.q);
  
                  /*
                   * PGA_REQUEUE and PGA_REQUEUE_HEAD must be cleared after
                   * setting PGA_ENQUEUED in order to synchronize with the
                   * page daemon.
                   */
                  vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_REQUEUE | PGA_REQUEUE_HEAD);
          }
  }
  
  static void
  vm_pqbatch_process(struct vm_pagequeue *pq, struct vm_batchqueue *bq,
      uint8_t queue)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
          int i;
  
          for (i = 0; i < bq->bq_cnt; i++) {
                  m = bq->bq_pa[i];
                  if (__predict_false(m->queue != queue))
                          continue;
                  vm_pqbatch_process_page(pq, m);
          }
          vm_batchqueue_init(bq);
  }
  
  static void
  vm_pqbatch_submit_page(vm_page_t m, uint8_t queue)
  {
          struct vm_batchqueue *bq;
          struct vm_pagequeue *pq;
          int domain;
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          KASSERT(queue < PQ_COUNT, ("invalid queue %d", queue));
  
          domain = vm_phys_domain(m);
          pq = &vm_pagequeue_domain(m)->vmd_pagequeues[queue];
  
          critical_enter();
          bq = DPCPU_PTR(pqbatch[domain][queue]);
          if (vm_batchqueue_insert(bq, m)) {
                  critical_exit();
                  return;
          }
          if (!vm_pagequeue_trylock(pq)) {
                  critical_exit();
                  vm_pagequeue_lock(pq);
                  critical_enter();
                  bq = DPCPU_PTR(pqbatch[domain][queue]);
          }
          vm_pqbatch_process(pq, bq, queue);
  
          /*
           * The page may have been logically dequeued before we acquired the
           * page queue lock.  In this case, the page lock prevents the page
           * from being logically enqueued elsewhere.
           */
          if (__predict_true(m->queue == queue))
                  vm_pqbatch_process_page(pq, m);
          else {
                  KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_NONE,
                      ("invalid queue transition for page %p", m));
                  KASSERT((m->aflags & PGA_ENQUEUED) == 0,
                      ("page %p is enqueued with invalid queue index", m));
                  vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK);
          }
          vm_pagequeue_unlock(pq);
          critical_exit();
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_drain_pqbatch:          [ internal use only ]
   *
   *      Force all per-CPU page queue batch queues to be drained.  This is
   *      intended for use in severe memory shortages, to ensure that pages
   *      do not remain stuck in the batch queues.
   */
  void
  vm_page_drain_pqbatch(void)
  {
          struct thread *td;
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
          struct vm_pagequeue *pq;
          int cpu, domain, queue;
  
          td = curthread;
          CPU_FOREACH(cpu) {
                  thread_lock(td);
                  sched_bind(td, cpu);
                  thread_unlock(td);
  
                  for (domain = 0; domain < vm_ndomains; domain++) {
                          vmd = VM_DOMAIN(domain);
                          for (queue = 0; queue < PQ_COUNT; queue++) {
                                  pq = &vmd->vmd_pagequeues[queue];
                                  vm_pagequeue_lock(pq);
                                  critical_enter();
                                  vm_pqbatch_process(pq,
                                      DPCPU_PTR(pqbatch[domain][queue]), queue);
                                  critical_exit();
                                  vm_pagequeue_unlock(pq);
                          }
                  }
          }
          thread_lock(td);
          sched_unbind(td);
          thread_unlock(td);
  }
  
  /*
   * Complete the logical removal of a page from a page queue.  We must be
   * careful to synchronize with the page daemon, which may be concurrently
   * examining the page with only the page lock held.  The page must not be
   * in a state where it appears to be logically enqueued.
   */
  static void
  vm_page_dequeue_complete(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          m->queue = PQ_NONE;
          atomic_thread_fence_rel();
          vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_dequeue_deferred:       [ internal use only ]
   *
   *      Request removal of the given page from its current page
   *      queue.  Physical removal from the queue may be deferred
   *      indefinitely.
   *
   *      The page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_dequeue_deferred(vm_page_t m)
  {
          int queue;
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
  
          queue = atomic_load_8(&m->queue);
          if (queue == PQ_NONE) {
                  KASSERT((m->aflags & PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK) == 0,
                      ("page %p has queue state", m));
                  return;
          }
          if ((m->aflags & PGA_DEQUEUE) == 0)
                  vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_DEQUEUE);
          vm_pqbatch_submit_page(m, queue);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_dequeue:
   *
   *      Remove the page from whichever page queue it's in, if any.
   *      The page must either be locked or unallocated.  This constraint
   *      ensures that the queue state of the page will remain consistent
   *      after this function returns.
   */
  void
  vm_page_dequeue(vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct mtx *lock, *lock1;
          struct vm_pagequeue *pq;
          uint8_t aflags;
  
          KASSERT(mtx_owned(vm_page_lockptr(m)) || m->order == VM_NFREEORDER,
              ("page %p is allocated and unlocked", m));
  
          for (;;) {
                  lock = vm_page_pagequeue_lockptr(m);
                  if (lock == NULL) {
                          /*
                           * A thread may be concurrently executing
                           * vm_page_dequeue_complete().  Ensure that all queue
                           * state is cleared before we return.
                           */
                          aflags = atomic_load_8(&m->aflags);
                          if ((aflags & PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK) == 0)
                                  return;
                          KASSERT((aflags & PGA_DEQUEUE) != 0,
                              ("page %p has unexpected queue state flags %#x",
                              m, aflags));
  
                          /*
                           * Busy wait until the thread updating queue state is
                           * finished.  Such a thread must be executing in a
                           * critical section.
                           */
                          cpu_spinwait();
                          continue;
                  }
                  mtx_lock(lock);
                  if ((lock1 = vm_page_pagequeue_lockptr(m)) == lock)
                          break;
                  mtx_unlock(lock);
                  lock = lock1;
          }
          KASSERT(lock == vm_page_pagequeue_lockptr(m),
              ("%s: page %p migrated directly between queues", __func__, m));
          KASSERT((m->aflags & PGA_DEQUEUE) != 0 ||
              mtx_owned(vm_page_lockptr(m)),
              ("%s: queued unlocked page %p", __func__, m));
  
          if ((m->aflags & PGA_ENQUEUED) != 0) {
                  pq = vm_page_pagequeue(m);
                  TAILQ_REMOVE(&pq->pq_pl, m, plinks.q);
                  vm_pagequeue_cnt_dec(pq);
          }
          vm_page_dequeue_complete(m);
          mtx_unlock(lock);
  }
  
  /*
   * Schedule the given page for insertion into the specified page queue.
   * Physical insertion of the page may be deferred indefinitely.
   */
  static void
  vm_page_enqueue(vm_page_t m, uint8_t queue)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_NONE && (m->aflags & PGA_QUEUE_STATE_MASK) == 0,
              ("%s: page %p is already enqueued", __func__, m));
  
          m->queue = queue;
          if ((m->aflags & PGA_REQUEUE) == 0)
                  vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REQUEUE);
          vm_pqbatch_submit_page(m, queue);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_requeue:                [ internal use only ]
   *
   *      Schedule a requeue of the given page.
   *
   *      The page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_requeue(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          KASSERT(m->queue != PQ_NONE,
              ("%s: page %p is not logically enqueued", __func__, m));
  
          if ((m->aflags & PGA_REQUEUE) == 0)
                  vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REQUEUE);
          vm_pqbatch_submit_page(m, atomic_load_8(&m->queue));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_activate:
   *
   *      Put the specified page on the active list (if appropriate).
   *      Ensure that act_count is at least ACT_INIT but do not otherwise
   *      mess with it.
   *
   *      The page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_activate(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
  
          if (m->wire_count > 0 || (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  return;
          if (vm_page_queue(m) == PQ_ACTIVE) {
                  if (m->act_count < ACT_INIT)
                          m->act_count = ACT_INIT;
                  return;
          }
  
          vm_page_dequeue(m);
          if (m->act_count < ACT_INIT)
                  m->act_count = ACT_INIT;
          vm_page_enqueue(m, PQ_ACTIVE);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_free_prep:
   *
   *      Prepares the given page to be put on the free list,
   *      disassociating it from any VM object. The caller may return
   *      the page to the free list only if this function returns true.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.  The page must be locked if it is
   *      managed.
   */
  bool
  vm_page_free_prep(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
  #if defined(DIAGNOSTIC) && defined(PHYS_TO_DMAP)
          if (PMAP_HAS_DMAP && (m->flags & PG_ZERO) != 0) {
                  uint64_t *p;
                  int i;
                  p = (uint64_t *)PHYS_TO_DMAP(VM_PAGE_TO_PHYS(m));
                  for (i = 0; i < PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(uint64_t); i++, p++)
                          KASSERT(*p == 0, ("vm_page_free_prep %p PG_ZERO %d %jx",
                              m, i, (uintmax_t)*p));
          }
  #endif
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0) {
                  vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
                  KASSERT(!pmap_page_is_mapped(m),
                      ("vm_page_free_prep: freeing mapped page %p", m));
          } else
                  KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_NONE,
                      ("vm_page_free_prep: unmanaged page %p is queued", m));
          VM_CNT_INC(v_tfree);
  
          if (vm_page_sbusied(m))
                  panic("vm_page_free_prep: freeing busy page %p", m);
  
          vm_page_remove(m);
  
          /*
           * If fictitious remove object association and
           * return.
           */
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                  KASSERT(m->wire_count == 1,
                      ("fictitious page %p is not wired", m));
                  KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_NONE,
                      ("fictitious page %p is queued", m));
                  return (false);
          }
  
          /*
           * Pages need not be dequeued before they are returned to the physical
           * memory allocator, but they must at least be marked for a deferred
           * dequeue.
           */
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                  vm_page_dequeue_deferred(m);
  
          m->valid = 0;
          vm_page_undirty(m);
  
          if (m->wire_count != 0)
                  panic("vm_page_free_prep: freeing wired page %p", m);
          if (m->hold_count != 0) {
                  m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
                  KASSERT((m->flags & PG_UNHOLDFREE) == 0,
                      ("vm_page_free_prep: freeing PG_UNHOLDFREE page %p", m));
                  m->flags |= PG_UNHOLDFREE;
                  return (false);
          }
  
          /*
           * Restore the default memory attribute to the page.
           */
          if (pmap_page_get_memattr(m) != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT)
                  pmap_page_set_memattr(m, VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT);
  
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
          if (vm_reserv_free_page(m))
                  return (false);
  #endif
  
          return (true);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_free_toq:
   *
   *      Returns the given page to the free list, disassociating it
   *      from any VM object.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.  The page must be locked if it is
   *      managed.
   */
  void
  vm_page_free_toq(vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct vm_domain *vmd;
  
          if (!vm_page_free_prep(m))
                  return;
  
          vmd = vm_pagequeue_domain(m);
          if (m->pool == VM_FREEPOOL_DEFAULT && vmd->vmd_pgcache != NULL) {
                  uma_zfree(vmd->vmd_pgcache, m);
                  return;
          }
          vm_domain_free_lock(vmd);
          vm_phys_free_pages(m, 0);
          vm_domain_free_unlock(vmd);
          vm_domain_freecnt_inc(vmd, 1);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_free_pages_toq:
   *
   *      Returns a list of pages to the free list, disassociating it
   *      from any VM object.  In other words, this is equivalent to
   *      calling vm_page_free_toq() for each page of a list of VM objects.
   *
   *      The objects must be locked.  The pages must be locked if it is
   *      managed.
   */
  void
  vm_page_free_pages_toq(struct spglist *free, bool update_wire_count)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
          int count;
  
          if (SLIST_EMPTY(free))
                  return;
  
          count = 0;
          while ((m = SLIST_FIRST(free)) != NULL) {
                  count++;
                  SLIST_REMOVE_HEAD(free, plinks.s.ss);
                  vm_page_free_toq(m);
          }
  
          if (update_wire_count)
                  vm_wire_sub(count);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_wire:
   *
   * Mark this page as wired down.  If the page is fictitious, then
   * its wire count must remain one.
   *
   * The page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_wire(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                  KASSERT(m->wire_count == 1,
                      ("vm_page_wire: fictitious page %p's wire count isn't one",
                      m));
                  return;
          }
          if (m->wire_count == 0) {
                  KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0 ||
                      m->queue == PQ_NONE,
                      ("vm_page_wire: unmanaged page %p is queued", m));
                  vm_wire_add(1);
          }
          m->wire_count++;
          KASSERT(m->wire_count != 0, ("vm_page_wire: wire_count overflow m=%p", m));
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_unwire:
   *
   * Release one wiring of the specified page, potentially allowing it to be
   * paged out.  Returns TRUE if the number of wirings transitions to zero and
   * FALSE otherwise.
   *
   * Only managed pages belonging to an object can be paged out.  If the number
   * of wirings transitions to zero and the page is eligible for page out, then
   * the page is added to the specified paging queue (unless PQ_NONE is
   * specified, in which case the page is dequeued if it belongs to a paging
   * queue).
   *
   * If a page is fictitious, then its wire count must always be one.
   *
   * A managed page must be locked.
   */
  bool
  vm_page_unwire(vm_page_t m, uint8_t queue)
  {
          bool unwired;
  
          KASSERT(queue < PQ_COUNT || queue == PQ_NONE,
              ("vm_page_unwire: invalid queue %u request for page %p",
              queue, m));
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                  vm_page_assert_locked(m);
  
          unwired = vm_page_unwire_noq(m);
          if (!unwired || (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0 || m->object == NULL)
                  return (unwired);
  
          if (vm_page_queue(m) == queue) {
                  if (queue == PQ_ACTIVE)
                          vm_page_reference(m);
                  else if (queue != PQ_NONE)
                          vm_page_requeue(m);
          } else {
                  vm_page_dequeue(m);
                  if (queue != PQ_NONE) {
                          vm_page_enqueue(m, queue);
                          if (queue == PQ_ACTIVE)
                                  /* Initialize act_count. */
                                  vm_page_activate(m);
                  }
          }
          return (unwired);
  }
  
  /*
   *
   * vm_page_unwire_noq:
   *
   * Unwire a page without (re-)inserting it into a page queue.  It is up
   * to the caller to enqueue, requeue, or free the page as appropriate.
   * In most cases, vm_page_unwire() should be used instead.
   */
  bool
  vm_page_unwire_noq(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                  vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                  KASSERT(m->wire_count == 1,
              ("vm_page_unwire: fictitious page %p's wire count isn't one", m));
                  return (false);
          }
          if (m->wire_count == 0)
                  panic("vm_page_unwire: page %p's wire count is zero", m);
          m->wire_count--;
          if (m->wire_count == 0) {
                  vm_wire_sub(1);
                  return (true);
          } else
                  return (false);
  }
  
  /*
   * Move the specified page to the tail of the inactive queue, or requeue
   * the page if it is already in the inactive queue.
   *
   * The page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_deactivate(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
  
          if (m->wire_count > 0 || (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  return;
  
          if (!vm_page_inactive(m)) {
                  vm_page_dequeue(m);
                  vm_page_enqueue(m, PQ_INACTIVE);
          } else
                  vm_page_requeue(m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Move the specified page close to the head of the inactive queue,
   * bypassing LRU.  A marker page is used to maintain FIFO ordering.
   * As with regular enqueues, we use a per-CPU batch queue to reduce
   * contention on the page queue lock.
   *
   * The page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_deactivate_noreuse(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
  
          if (m->wire_count > 0 || (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  return;
  
          if (!vm_page_inactive(m)) {
                  vm_page_dequeue(m);
                  m->queue = PQ_INACTIVE;
          }
          if ((m->aflags & PGA_REQUEUE_HEAD) == 0)
                  vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REQUEUE_HEAD);
          vm_pqbatch_submit_page(m, PQ_INACTIVE);
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_launder
   *
   *      Put a page in the laundry, or requeue it if it is already there.
   */
  void
  vm_page_launder(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          if (m->wire_count > 0 || (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0)
                  return;
  
          if (vm_page_in_laundry(m))
                  vm_page_requeue(m);
          else {
                  vm_page_dequeue(m);
                  vm_page_enqueue(m, PQ_LAUNDRY);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_unswappable
   *
   *      Put a page in the PQ_UNSWAPPABLE holding queue.
   */
  void
  vm_page_unswappable(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          KASSERT(m->wire_count == 0 && (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("page %p already unswappable", m));
  
          vm_page_dequeue(m);
          vm_page_enqueue(m, PQ_UNSWAPPABLE);
  }
  
  /*
   * Attempt to free the page.  If it cannot be freed, do nothing.  Returns true
   * if the page is freed and false otherwise.
   *
   * The page must be managed.  The page and its containing object must be
   * locked.
   */
  bool
  vm_page_try_to_free(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0, ("page %p is unmanaged", m));
          if (m->dirty != 0 || vm_page_held(m) || vm_page_busied(m))
                  return (false);
          if (m->object->ref_count != 0) {
                  pmap_remove_all(m);
                  if (m->dirty != 0)
                          return (false);
          }
          vm_page_free(m);
          return (true);
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_advise
   *
   *      Apply the specified advice to the given page.
   *
   *      The object and page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_advise(vm_page_t m, int advice)
  {
  
          vm_page_assert_locked(m);
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
          if (advice == MADV_FREE)
                  /*
                   * Mark the page clean.  This will allow the page to be freed
                   * without first paging it out.  MADV_FREE pages are often
                   * quickly reused by malloc(3), so we do not do anything that
                   * would result in a page fault on a later access.
                   */
                  vm_page_undirty(m);
          else if (advice != MADV_DONTNEED) {
                  if (advice == MADV_WILLNEED)
                          vm_page_activate(m);
                  return;
          }
  
          /*
           * Clear any references to the page.  Otherwise, the page daemon will
           * immediately reactivate the page.
           */
          vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
  
          if (advice != MADV_FREE && m->dirty == 0 && pmap_is_modified(m))
                  vm_page_dirty(m);
  
          /*
           * Place clean pages near the head of the inactive queue rather than
           * the tail, thus defeating the queue's LRU operation and ensuring that
           * the page will be reused quickly.  Dirty pages not already in the
           * laundry are moved there.
           */
          if (m->dirty == 0)
                  vm_page_deactivate_noreuse(m);
          else if (!vm_page_in_laundry(m))
                  vm_page_launder(m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Grab a page, waiting until we are waken up due to the page
   * changing state.  We keep on waiting, if the page continues
   * to be in the object.  If the page doesn't exist, first allocate it
   * and then conditionally zero it.
   *
   * This routine may sleep.
   *
   * The object must be locked on entry.  The lock will, however, be released
   * and reacquired if the routine sleeps.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_grab(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int allocflags)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
          int sleep;
          int pflags;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          KASSERT((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) == 0 ||
              (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY) != 0,
              ("vm_page_grab: VM_ALLOC_SBUSY/VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY mismatch"));
          pflags = allocflags &
              ~(VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT | VM_ALLOC_WAITOK | VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL);
          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT) == 0)
                  pflags |= VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL;
  retrylookup:
          if ((m = vm_page_lookup(object, pindex)) != NULL) {
                  sleep = (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY) != 0 ?
                      vm_page_xbusied(m) : vm_page_busied(m);
                  if (sleep) {
                          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT) != 0)
                                  return (NULL);
                          /*
                           * Reference the page before unlocking and
                           * sleeping so that the page daemon is less
                           * likely to reclaim it.
                           */
                          vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                          vm_page_lock(m);
                          VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                          vm_page_busy_sleep(m, "pgrbwt", (allocflags &
                              VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY) != 0);
                          VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
                          goto retrylookup;
                  } else {
                          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0) {
                                  vm_page_lock(m);
                                  vm_page_wire(m);
                                  vm_page_unlock(m);
                          }
                          if ((allocflags &
                              (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)) == 0)
                                  vm_page_xbusy(m);
                          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) != 0)
                                  vm_page_sbusy(m);
                          return (m);
                  }
          }
          m = vm_page_alloc(object, pindex, pflags);
          if (m == NULL) {
                  if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT) != 0)
                          return (NULL);
                  goto retrylookup;
          }
          if (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_ZERO && (m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page(m);
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Return the specified range of pages from the given object.  For each
   * page offset within the range, if a page already exists within the object
   * at that offset and it is busy, then wait for it to change state.  If,
   * instead, the page doesn't exist, then allocate it.
   *
   * The caller must always specify an allocation class.
   *
   * allocation classes:
   *      VM_ALLOC_NORMAL         normal process request
   *      VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM         system *really* needs the pages
   *
   * The caller must always specify that the pages are to be busied and/or
   * wired.
   *
   * optional allocation flags:
   *      VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY      do not sleep on soft busy pages
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY         do not exclusive busy the page
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT         do not sleep
   *      VM_ALLOC_SBUSY          set page to sbusy state
   *      VM_ALLOC_WIRED          wire the pages
   *      VM_ALLOC_ZERO           zero and validate any invalid pages
   *
   * If VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT is not specified, this routine may sleep.  Otherwise, it
   * may return a partial prefix of the requested range.
   */
  int
  vm_page_grab_pages(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int allocflags,
      vm_page_t *ma, int count)
  {
          vm_page_t m, mpred;
          int pflags;
          int i;
          bool sleep;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          KASSERT(((u_int)allocflags >> VM_ALLOC_COUNT_SHIFT) == 0,
              ("vm_page_grap_pages: VM_ALLOC_COUNT() is not allowed"));
          KASSERT((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY) == 0 ||
              (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0,
              ("vm_page_grab_pages: the pages must be busied or wired"));
          KASSERT((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) == 0 ||
              (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY) != 0,
              ("vm_page_grab_pages: VM_ALLOC_SBUSY/IGN_SBUSY mismatch"));
          if (count == 0)
                  return (0);
          pflags = allocflags & ~(VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT | VM_ALLOC_WAITOK |
              VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL | VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY);
          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT) == 0)
                  pflags |= VM_ALLOC_WAITFAIL;
          i = 0;
  retrylookup:
          m = vm_radix_lookup_le(&object->rtree, pindex + i);
          if (m == NULL || m->pindex != pindex + i) {
                  mpred = m;
                  m = NULL;
          } else
                  mpred = TAILQ_PREV(m, pglist, listq);
          for (; i < count; i++) {
                  if (m != NULL) {
                          sleep = (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY) != 0 ?
                              vm_page_xbusied(m) : vm_page_busied(m);
                          if (sleep) {
                                  if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT) != 0)
                                          break;
                                  /*
                                   * Reference the page before unlocking and
                                   * sleeping so that the page daemon is less
                                   * likely to reclaim it.
                                   */
                                  vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                                  vm_page_lock(m);
                                  VM_OBJECT_WUNLOCK(object);
                                  vm_page_busy_sleep(m, "grbmaw", (allocflags &
                                      VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY) != 0);
                                  VM_OBJECT_WLOCK(object);
                                  goto retrylookup;
                          }
                          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0) {
                                  vm_page_lock(m);
                                  vm_page_wire(m);
                                  vm_page_unlock(m);
                          }
                          if ((allocflags & (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY |
                              VM_ALLOC_SBUSY)) == 0)
                                  vm_page_xbusy(m);
                          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_SBUSY) != 0)
                                  vm_page_sbusy(m);
                  } else {
                          m = vm_page_alloc_after(object, pindex + i,
                              pflags | VM_ALLOC_COUNT(count - i), mpred);
                          if (m == NULL) {
                                  if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOWAIT) != 0)
                                          break;
                                  goto retrylookup;
                          }
                  }
                  if (m->valid == 0 && (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_ZERO) != 0) {
                          if ((m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                                  pmap_zero_page(m);
                          m->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
                  }
                  ma[i] = mpred = m;
                  m = vm_page_next(m);
          }
          return (i);
  }
  
  /*
   * Mapping function for valid or dirty bits in a page.
   *
   * Inputs are required to range within a page.
   */
  vm_page_bits_t
  vm_page_bits(int base, int size)
  {
          int first_bit;
          int last_bit;
  
          KASSERT(
              base + size <= PAGE_SIZE,
              ("vm_page_bits: illegal base/size %d/%d", base, size)
          );
  
          if (size == 0)          /* handle degenerate case */
                  return (0);
  
          first_bit = base >> DEV_BSHIFT;
          last_bit = (base + size - 1) >> DEV_BSHIFT;
  
          return (((vm_page_bits_t)2 << last_bit) -
              ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << first_bit));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_set_valid_range:
   *
   *      Sets portions of a page valid.  The arguments are expected
   *      to be DEV_BSIZE aligned but if they aren't the bitmap is inclusive
   *      of any partial chunks touched by the range.  The invalid portion of
   *      such chunks will be zeroed.
   *
   *      (base + size) must be less then or equal to PAGE_SIZE.
   */
  void
  vm_page_set_valid_range(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          int endoff, frag;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
          if (size == 0)  /* handle degenerate case */
                  return;
  
          /*
           * If the base is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the valid
           * bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of the
           * first block.
           */
          if ((frag = rounddown2(base, DEV_BSIZE)) != base &&
              (m->valid & (1 << (base >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, frag, base - frag);
  
          /*
           * If the ending offset is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the
           * valid bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of
           * the last block.
           */
          endoff = base + size;
          if ((frag = rounddown2(endoff, DEV_BSIZE)) != endoff &&
              (m->valid & (1 << (endoff >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, endoff,
                      DEV_BSIZE - (endoff & (DEV_BSIZE - 1)));
  
          /*
           * Assert that no previously invalid block that is now being validated
           * is already dirty.
           */
          KASSERT((~m->valid & vm_page_bits(base, size) & m->dirty) == 0,
              ("vm_page_set_valid_range: page %p is dirty", m));
  
          /*
           * Set valid bits inclusive of any overlap.
           */
          m->valid |= vm_page_bits(base, size);
  }
  
  /*
   * Clear the given bits from the specified page's dirty field.
   */
  static __inline void
  vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(vm_page_t m, vm_page_bits_t pagebits)
  {
          uintptr_t addr;
  #if PAGE_SIZE < 16384
          int shift;
  #endif
  
          /*
           * If the object is locked and the page is neither exclusive busy nor
           * write mapped, then the page's dirty field cannot possibly be
           * set by a concurrent pmap operation.
           */
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
          if (!vm_page_xbusied(m) && !pmap_page_is_write_mapped(m))
                  m->dirty &= ~pagebits;
          else {
                  /*
                   * The pmap layer can call vm_page_dirty() without
                   * holding a distinguished lock.  The combination of
                   * the object's lock and an atomic operation suffice
                   * to guarantee consistency of the page dirty field.
                   *
                   * For PAGE_SIZE == 32768 case, compiler already
                   * properly aligns the dirty field, so no forcible
                   * alignment is needed. Only require existence of
                   * atomic_clear_64 when page size is 32768.
                   */
                  addr = (uintptr_t)&m->dirty;
  #if PAGE_SIZE == 32768
                  atomic_clear_64((uint64_t *)addr, pagebits);
  #elif PAGE_SIZE == 16384
                  atomic_clear_32((uint32_t *)addr, pagebits);
  #else           /* PAGE_SIZE <= 8192 */
                  /*
                   * Use a trick to perform a 32-bit atomic on the
                   * containing aligned word, to not depend on the existence
                   * of atomic_clear_{8, 16}.
                   */
                  shift = addr & (sizeof(uint32_t) - 1);
  #if BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
                  shift = (sizeof(uint32_t) - sizeof(m->dirty) - shift) * NBBY;
  #else
                  shift *= NBBY;
  #endif
                  addr &= ~(sizeof(uint32_t) - 1);
                  atomic_clear_32((uint32_t *)addr, pagebits << shift);
  #endif          /* PAGE_SIZE */
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_set_validclean:
   *
   *      Sets portions of a page valid and clean.  The arguments are expected
   *      to be DEV_BSIZE aligned but if they aren't the bitmap is inclusive
   *      of any partial chunks touched by the range.  The invalid portion of
   *      such chunks will be zero'd.
   *
   *      (base + size) must be less then or equal to PAGE_SIZE.
   */
  void
  vm_page_set_validclean(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          vm_page_bits_t oldvalid, pagebits;
          int endoff, frag;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
          if (size == 0)  /* handle degenerate case */
                  return;
  
          /*
           * If the base is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the valid
           * bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of the
           * first block.
           */
          if ((frag = rounddown2(base, DEV_BSIZE)) != base &&
              (m->valid & ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << (base >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, frag, base - frag);
  
          /*
           * If the ending offset is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the
           * valid bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of
           * the last block.
           */
          endoff = base + size;
          if ((frag = rounddown2(endoff, DEV_BSIZE)) != endoff &&
              (m->valid & ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << (endoff >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, endoff,
                      DEV_BSIZE - (endoff & (DEV_BSIZE - 1)));
  
          /*
           * Set valid, clear dirty bits.  If validating the entire
           * page we can safely clear the pmap modify bit.  We also
           * use this opportunity to clear the VPO_NOSYNC flag.  If a process
           * takes a write fault on a MAP_NOSYNC memory area the flag will
           * be set again.
           *
           * We set valid bits inclusive of any overlap, but we can only
           * clear dirty bits for DEV_BSIZE chunks that are fully within
           * the range.
           */
          oldvalid = m->valid;
          pagebits = vm_page_bits(base, size);
          m->valid |= pagebits;
  #if 0   /* NOT YET */
          if ((frag = base & (DEV_BSIZE - 1)) != 0) {
                  frag = DEV_BSIZE - frag;
                  base += frag;
                  size -= frag;
                  if (size < 0)
                          size = 0;
          }
          pagebits = vm_page_bits(base, size & (DEV_BSIZE - 1));
  #endif
          if (base == 0 && size == PAGE_SIZE) {
                  /*
                   * The page can only be modified within the pmap if it is
                   * mapped, and it can only be mapped if it was previously
                   * fully valid.
                   */
                  if (oldvalid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                          /*
                           * Perform the pmap_clear_modify() first.  Otherwise,
                           * a concurrent pmap operation, such as
                           * pmap_protect(), could clear a modification in the
                           * pmap and set the dirty field on the page before
                           * pmap_clear_modify() had begun and after the dirty
                           * field was cleared here.
                           */
                          pmap_clear_modify(m);
                  m->dirty = 0;
                  m->oflags &= ~VPO_NOSYNC;
          } else if (oldvalid != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                  m->dirty &= ~pagebits;
          else
                  vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(m, pagebits);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_clear_dirty(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
  
          vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(m, vm_page_bits(base, size));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_set_invalid:
   *
   *      Invalidates DEV_BSIZE'd chunks within a page.  Both the
   *      valid and dirty bits for the effected areas are cleared.
   */
  void
  vm_page_set_invalid(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          vm_page_bits_t bits;
          vm_object_t object;
  
          object = m->object;
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(object);
          if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE && base == 0 && IDX_TO_OFF(m->pindex) +
              size >= object->un_pager.vnp.vnp_size)
                  bits = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
          else
                  bits = vm_page_bits(base, size);
          if (object->ref_count != 0 && m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL &&
              bits != 0)
                  pmap_remove_all(m);
          KASSERT((bits == 0 && m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL) ||
              !pmap_page_is_mapped(m),
              ("vm_page_set_invalid: page %p is mapped", m));
          m->valid &= ~bits;
          m->dirty &= ~bits;
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_zero_invalid()
   *
   *      The kernel assumes that the invalid portions of a page contain
   *      garbage, but such pages can be mapped into memory by user code.
   *      When this occurs, we must zero out the non-valid portions of the
   *      page so user code sees what it expects.
   *
   *      Pages are most often semi-valid when the end of a file is mapped
   *      into memory and the file's size is not page aligned.
   */
  void
  vm_page_zero_invalid(vm_page_t m, boolean_t setvalid)
  {
          int b;
          int i;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
          /*
           * Scan the valid bits looking for invalid sections that
           * must be zeroed.  Invalid sub-DEV_BSIZE'd areas ( where the
           * valid bit may be set ) have already been zeroed by
           * vm_page_set_validclean().
           */
          for (b = i = 0; i <= PAGE_SIZE / DEV_BSIZE; ++i) {
                  if (i == (PAGE_SIZE / DEV_BSIZE) ||
                      (m->valid & ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << i))) {
                          if (i > b) {
                                  pmap_zero_page_area(m,
                                      b << DEV_BSHIFT, (i - b) << DEV_BSHIFT);
                          }
                          b = i + 1;
                  }
          }
  
          /*
           * setvalid is TRUE when we can safely set the zero'd areas
           * as being valid.  We can do this if there are no cache consistancy
           * issues.  e.g. it is ok to do with UFS, but not ok to do with NFS.
           */
          if (setvalid)
                  m->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_is_valid:
   *
   *      Is (partial) page valid?  Note that the case where size == 0
   *      will return FALSE in the degenerate case where the page is
   *      entirely invalid, and TRUE otherwise.
   */
  int
  vm_page_is_valid(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          vm_page_bits_t bits;
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(m->object);
          bits = vm_page_bits(base, size);
          return (m->valid != 0 && (m->valid & bits) == bits);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns true if all of the specified predicates are true for the entire
   * (super)page and false otherwise.
   */
  bool
  vm_page_ps_test(vm_page_t m, int flags, vm_page_t skip_m)
  {
          vm_object_t object;
          int i, npages;
  
          object = m->object;
          if (skip_m != NULL && skip_m->object != object)
                  return (false);
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(object);
          npages = atop(pagesizes[m->psind]);
  
          /*
           * The physically contiguous pages that make up a superpage, i.e., a
           * page with a page size index ("psind") greater than zero, will
           * occupy adjacent entries in vm_page_array[].
           */
          for (i = 0; i < npages; i++) {
                  /* Always test object consistency, including "skip_m". */
                  if (m[i].object != object)
                          return (false);
                  if (&m[i] == skip_m)
                          continue;
                  if ((flags & PS_NONE_BUSY) != 0 && vm_page_busied(&m[i]))
                          return (false);
                  if ((flags & PS_ALL_DIRTY) != 0) {
                          /*
                           * Calling vm_page_test_dirty() or pmap_is_modified()
                           * might stop this case from spuriously returning
                           * "false".  However, that would require a write lock
                           * on the object containing "m[i]".
                           */
                          if (m[i].dirty != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                                  return (false);
                  }
                  if ((flags & PS_ALL_VALID) != 0 &&
                      m[i].valid != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                          return (false);
          }
          return (true);
  }
  
  /*
   * Set the page's dirty bits if the page is modified.
   */
  void
  vm_page_test_dirty(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
          if (m->dirty != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL && pmap_is_modified(m))
                  vm_page_dirty(m);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_lock_KBI(vm_page_t m, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          mtx_lock_flags_(vm_page_lockptr(m), 0, file, line);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_unlock_KBI(vm_page_t m, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          mtx_unlock_flags_(vm_page_lockptr(m), 0, file, line);
  }
  
  int
  vm_page_trylock_KBI(vm_page_t m, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          return (mtx_trylock_flags_(vm_page_lockptr(m), 0, file, line));
  }
  
  #if defined(INVARIANTS) || defined(INVARIANT_SUPPORT)
  void
  vm_page_assert_locked_KBI(vm_page_t m, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          vm_page_lock_assert_KBI(m, MA_OWNED, file, line);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_lock_assert_KBI(vm_page_t m, int a, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          mtx_assert_(vm_page_lockptr(m), a, file, line);
  }
  #endif
  
  #ifdef INVARIANTS
  void
  vm_page_object_lock_assert(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          /*
           * Certain of the page's fields may only be modified by the
           * holder of the containing object's lock or the exclusive busy.
           * holder.  Unfortunately, the holder of the write busy is
           * not recorded, and thus cannot be checked here.
           */
          if (m->object != NULL && !vm_page_xbusied(m))
                  VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_WLOCKED(m->object);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_assert_pga_writeable(vm_page_t m, uint8_t bits)
  {
  
          if ((bits & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                  return;
  
          /*
           * The PGA_WRITEABLE flag can only be set if the page is
           * managed, is exclusively busied or the object is locked.
           * Currently, this flag is only set by pmap_enter().
           */
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0,
              ("PGA_WRITEABLE on unmanaged page"));
          if (!vm_page_xbusied(m))
                  VM_OBJECT_ASSERT_LOCKED(m->object);
  }
  #endif
  
  #include "opt_ddb.h"
  #ifdef DDB
  #include <sys/kernel.h>
  
  #include <ddb/ddb.h>
  
  DB_SHOW_COMMAND(page, vm_page_print_page_info)
  {
  
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_free_count: %d\n", vm_free_count());
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_inactive_count: %d\n", vm_inactive_count());
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_active_count: %d\n", vm_active_count());
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_laundry_count: %d\n", vm_laundry_count());
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_wire_count: %d\n", vm_wire_count());
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_free_reserved: %d\n", vm_cnt.v_free_reserved);
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_free_min: %d\n", vm_cnt.v_free_min);
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_free_target: %d\n", vm_cnt.v_free_target);
          db_printf("vm_cnt.v_inactive_target: %d\n", vm_cnt.v_inactive_target);
  }
  
  DB_SHOW_COMMAND(pageq, vm_page_print_pageq_info)
  {
          int dom;
  
          db_printf("pq_free %d\n", vm_free_count());
          for (dom = 0; dom < vm_ndomains; dom++) {
                  db_printf(
      "dom %d page_cnt %d free %d pq_act %d pq_inact %d pq_laund %d pq_unsw %d\n",
                      dom,
                      vm_dom[dom].vmd_page_count,
                      vm_dom[dom].vmd_free_count,
                      vm_dom[dom].vmd_pagequeues[PQ_ACTIVE].pq_cnt,
                      vm_dom[dom].vmd_pagequeues[PQ_INACTIVE].pq_cnt,
                      vm_dom[dom].vmd_pagequeues[PQ_LAUNDRY].pq_cnt,
                      vm_dom[dom].vmd_pagequeues[PQ_UNSWAPPABLE].pq_cnt);
          }
  }
  
  DB_SHOW_COMMAND(pginfo, vm_page_print_pginfo)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
          boolean_t phys;
  
          if (!have_addr) {
                  db_printf("show pginfo addr\n");
                  return;
          }
  
          phys = strchr(modif, 'p') != NULL;
          if (phys)
                  m = PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(addr);
          else
                  m = (vm_page_t)addr;
          db_printf(
      "page %p obj %p pidx 0x%jx phys 0x%jx q %d hold %d wire %d\n"
      "  af 0x%x of 0x%x f 0x%x act %d busy %x valid 0x%x dirty 0x%x\n",
              m, m->object, (uintmax_t)m->pindex, (uintmax_t)m->phys_addr,
              m->queue, m->hold_count, m->wire_count, m->aflags, m->oflags,
              m->flags, m->act_count, m->busy_lock, m->valid, m->dirty);
  }
  #endif /* DDB */