FreeBSD/Linux Kernel Cross Reference
sys/vm/vm_page.c

     /*-
      * Copyright (c) 1991 Regents of the University of California.
      * All rights reserved.
      * Copyright (c) 1998 Matthew Dillon.  All Rights Reserved.
      *
      * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
      * The Mach Operating System project at Carnegie-Mellon University.
      *
      * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
     * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
     * are met:
     * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
     * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
     *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
     *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
     * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
     *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
     *    without specific prior written permission.
     *
     * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
     * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
     * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
     * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
     * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
     * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
     * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
     * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
     * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
     * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
     * SUCH DAMAGE.
     *
     *      from: @(#)vm_page.c     7.4 (Berkeley) 5/7/91
     */
    
    /*-
     * Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Carnegie-Mellon University.
     * All rights reserved.
     *
     * Authors: Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young
     *
     * Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and
     * its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the copyright
     * notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of the
     * software, derivative works or modified versions, and any portions
     * thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation.
     *
     * CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS"
     * CONDITION.  CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND
     * FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
     *
     * Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to
     *
     *  Software Distribution Coordinator  or  Software.Distribution@CS.CMU.EDU
     *  School of Computer Science
     *  Carnegie Mellon University
     *  Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890
     *
     * any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the
     * rights to redistribute these changes.
     */
    
    /*
     *                      GENERAL RULES ON VM_PAGE MANIPULATION
     *
     *      - a pageq mutex is required when adding or removing a page from a
     *        page queue (vm_page_queue[]), regardless of other mutexes or the
     *        busy state of a page.
     *
     *      - The object mutex is held when inserting or removing
     *        pages from an object (vm_page_insert() or vm_page_remove()).
     *
     */
    
    /*
     *      Resident memory management module.
     */
    
    #include <sys/cdefs.h>
    __FBSDID("$FreeBSD: releng/9.1/sys/vm/vm_page.c 236924 2012-06-11 21:19:59Z kib $");
    
    #include "opt_vm.h"
    
    #include <sys/param.h>
    #include <sys/systm.h>
    #include <sys/lock.h>
    #include <sys/kernel.h>
    #include <sys/limits.h>
    #include <sys/malloc.h>
    #include <sys/msgbuf.h>
    #include <sys/mutex.h>
    #include <sys/proc.h>
    #include <sys/sysctl.h>
    #include <sys/vmmeter.h>
    #include <sys/vnode.h>
    
    #include <vm/vm.h>
    #include <vm/pmap.h>
    #include <vm/vm_param.h>
   #include <vm/vm_kern.h>
   #include <vm/vm_object.h>
   #include <vm/vm_page.h>
   #include <vm/vm_pageout.h>
   #include <vm/vm_pager.h>
   #include <vm/vm_phys.h>
   #include <vm/vm_reserv.h>
   #include <vm/vm_extern.h>
   #include <vm/uma.h>
   #include <vm/uma_int.h>
   
   #include <machine/md_var.h>
   
   /*
    *      Associated with page of user-allocatable memory is a
    *      page structure.
    */
   
   struct vpgqueues vm_page_queues[PQ_COUNT];
   struct vpglocks vm_page_queue_lock;
   struct vpglocks vm_page_queue_free_lock;
   
   struct vpglocks pa_lock[PA_LOCK_COUNT];
   
   vm_page_t vm_page_array;
   long vm_page_array_size;
   long first_page;
   int vm_page_zero_count;
   
   static int boot_pages = UMA_BOOT_PAGES;
   TUNABLE_INT("vm.boot_pages", &boot_pages);
   SYSCTL_INT(_vm, OID_AUTO, boot_pages, CTLFLAG_RD, &boot_pages, 0,
           "number of pages allocated for bootstrapping the VM system");
   
   int pa_tryrelock_restart;
   SYSCTL_INT(_vm, OID_AUTO, tryrelock_restart, CTLFLAG_RD,
       &pa_tryrelock_restart, 0, "Number of tryrelock restarts");
   
   static uma_zone_t fakepg_zone;
   
   static void vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(vm_page_t m, vm_page_bits_t pagebits);
   static void vm_page_queue_remove(int queue, vm_page_t m);
   static void vm_page_enqueue(int queue, vm_page_t m);
   static void vm_page_init_fakepg(void *dummy);
   
   SYSINIT(vm_page, SI_SUB_VM, SI_ORDER_SECOND, vm_page_init_fakepg, NULL);
   
   static void
   vm_page_init_fakepg(void *dummy)
   {
   
           fakepg_zone = uma_zcreate("fakepg", sizeof(struct vm_page), NULL, NULL,
               NULL, NULL, UMA_ALIGN_PTR, UMA_ZONE_NOFREE | UMA_ZONE_VM); 
   }
   
   /* Make sure that u_long is at least 64 bits when PAGE_SIZE is 32K. */
   #if PAGE_SIZE == 32768
   #ifdef CTASSERT
   CTASSERT(sizeof(u_long) >= 8);
   #endif
   #endif
   
   /*
    * Try to acquire a physical address lock while a pmap is locked.  If we
    * fail to trylock we unlock and lock the pmap directly and cache the
    * locked pa in *locked.  The caller should then restart their loop in case
    * the virtual to physical mapping has changed.
    */
   int
   vm_page_pa_tryrelock(pmap_t pmap, vm_paddr_t pa, vm_paddr_t *locked)
   {
           vm_paddr_t lockpa;
   
           lockpa = *locked;
           *locked = pa;
           if (lockpa) {
                   PA_LOCK_ASSERT(lockpa, MA_OWNED);
                   if (PA_LOCKPTR(pa) == PA_LOCKPTR(lockpa))
                           return (0);
                   PA_UNLOCK(lockpa);
           }
           if (PA_TRYLOCK(pa))
                   return (0);
           PMAP_UNLOCK(pmap);
           atomic_add_int(&pa_tryrelock_restart, 1);
           PA_LOCK(pa);
           PMAP_LOCK(pmap);
           return (EAGAIN);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_set_page_size:
    *
    *      Sets the page size, perhaps based upon the memory
    *      size.  Must be called before any use of page-size
    *      dependent functions.
    */
   void
   vm_set_page_size(void)
   {
           if (cnt.v_page_size == 0)
                   cnt.v_page_size = PAGE_SIZE;
           if (((cnt.v_page_size - 1) & cnt.v_page_size) != 0)
                   panic("vm_set_page_size: page size not a power of two");
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_blacklist_lookup:
    *
    *      See if a physical address in this page has been listed
    *      in the blacklist tunable.  Entries in the tunable are
    *      separated by spaces or commas.  If an invalid integer is
    *      encountered then the rest of the string is skipped.
    */
   static int
   vm_page_blacklist_lookup(char *list, vm_paddr_t pa)
   {
           vm_paddr_t bad;
           char *cp, *pos;
   
           for (pos = list; *pos != '\0'; pos = cp) {
                   bad = strtoq(pos, &cp, 0);
                   if (*cp != '\0') {
                           if (*cp == ' ' || *cp == ',') {
                                   cp++;
                                   if (cp == pos)
                                           continue;
                           } else
                                   break;
                   }
                   if (pa == trunc_page(bad))
                           return (1);
           }
           return (0);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_startup:
    *
    *      Initializes the resident memory module.
    *
    *      Allocates memory for the page cells, and
    *      for the object/offset-to-page hash table headers.
    *      Each page cell is initialized and placed on the free list.
    */
   vm_offset_t
   vm_page_startup(vm_offset_t vaddr)
   {
           vm_offset_t mapped;
           vm_paddr_t page_range;
           vm_paddr_t new_end;
           int i;
           vm_paddr_t pa;
           vm_paddr_t last_pa;
           char *list;
   
           /* the biggest memory array is the second group of pages */
           vm_paddr_t end;
           vm_paddr_t biggestsize;
           vm_paddr_t low_water, high_water;
           int biggestone;
   
           biggestsize = 0;
           biggestone = 0;
           vaddr = round_page(vaddr);
   
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1]; i += 2) {
                   phys_avail[i] = round_page(phys_avail[i]);
                   phys_avail[i + 1] = trunc_page(phys_avail[i + 1]);
           }
   
           low_water = phys_avail[0];
           high_water = phys_avail[1];
   
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1]; i += 2) {
                   vm_paddr_t size = phys_avail[i + 1] - phys_avail[i];
   
                   if (size > biggestsize) {
                           biggestone = i;
                           biggestsize = size;
                   }
                   if (phys_avail[i] < low_water)
                           low_water = phys_avail[i];
                   if (phys_avail[i + 1] > high_water)
                           high_water = phys_avail[i + 1];
           }
   
   #ifdef XEN
           low_water = 0;
   #endif  
   
           end = phys_avail[biggestone+1];
   
           /*
            * Initialize the locks.
            */
           mtx_init(&vm_page_queue_mtx, "vm page queue mutex", NULL, MTX_DEF |
               MTX_RECURSE);
           mtx_init(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx, "vm page queue free mutex", NULL,
               MTX_DEF);
   
           /* Setup page locks. */
           for (i = 0; i < PA_LOCK_COUNT; i++)
                   mtx_init(&pa_lock[i].data, "page lock", NULL, MTX_DEF);
   
           /*
            * Initialize the queue headers for the hold queue, the active queue,
            * and the inactive queue.
            */
           for (i = 0; i < PQ_COUNT; i++)
                   TAILQ_INIT(&vm_page_queues[i].pl);
           vm_page_queues[PQ_INACTIVE].cnt = &cnt.v_inactive_count;
           vm_page_queues[PQ_ACTIVE].cnt = &cnt.v_active_count;
           vm_page_queues[PQ_HOLD].cnt = &cnt.v_active_count;
   
           /*
            * Allocate memory for use when boot strapping the kernel memory
            * allocator.
            */
           new_end = end - (boot_pages * UMA_SLAB_SIZE);
           new_end = trunc_page(new_end);
           mapped = pmap_map(&vaddr, new_end, end,
               VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
           bzero((void *)mapped, end - new_end);
           uma_startup((void *)mapped, boot_pages);
   
   #if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__arm__) || \
       defined(__mips__)
           /*
            * Allocate a bitmap to indicate that a random physical page
            * needs to be included in a minidump.
            *
            * The amd64 port needs this to indicate which direct map pages
            * need to be dumped, via calls to dump_add_page()/dump_drop_page().
            *
            * However, i386 still needs this workspace internally within the
            * minidump code.  In theory, they are not needed on i386, but are
            * included should the sf_buf code decide to use them.
            */
           last_pa = 0;
           for (i = 0; dump_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2)
                   if (dump_avail[i + 1] > last_pa)
                           last_pa = dump_avail[i + 1];
           page_range = last_pa / PAGE_SIZE;
           vm_page_dump_size = round_page(roundup2(page_range, NBBY) / NBBY);
           new_end -= vm_page_dump_size;
           vm_page_dump = (void *)(uintptr_t)pmap_map(&vaddr, new_end,
               new_end + vm_page_dump_size, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
           bzero((void *)vm_page_dump, vm_page_dump_size);
   #endif
   #ifdef __amd64__
           /*
            * Request that the physical pages underlying the message buffer be
            * included in a crash dump.  Since the message buffer is accessed
            * through the direct map, they are not automatically included.
            */
           pa = DMAP_TO_PHYS((vm_offset_t)msgbufp->msg_ptr);
           last_pa = pa + round_page(msgbufsize);
           while (pa < last_pa) {
                   dump_add_page(pa);
                   pa += PAGE_SIZE;
           }
   #endif
           /*
            * Compute the number of pages of memory that will be available for
            * use (taking into account the overhead of a page structure per
            * page).
            */
           first_page = low_water / PAGE_SIZE;
   #ifdef VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE
           page_range = 0;
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2)
                   page_range += atop(phys_avail[i + 1] - phys_avail[i]);
   #elif defined(VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE)
           page_range = high_water / PAGE_SIZE - first_page;
   #else
   #error "Either VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE or VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE must be defined."
   #endif
           end = new_end;
   
           /*
            * Reserve an unmapped guard page to trap access to vm_page_array[-1].
            */
           vaddr += PAGE_SIZE;
   
           /*
            * Initialize the mem entry structures now, and put them in the free
            * queue.
            */
           new_end = trunc_page(end - page_range * sizeof(struct vm_page));
           mapped = pmap_map(&vaddr, new_end, end,
               VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
           vm_page_array = (vm_page_t) mapped;
   #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
           /*
            * Allocate memory for the reservation management system's data
            * structures.
            */
           new_end = vm_reserv_startup(&vaddr, new_end, high_water);
   #endif
   #if defined(__amd64__) || defined(__mips__)
           /*
            * pmap_map on amd64 and mips can come out of the direct-map, not kvm
            * like i386, so the pages must be tracked for a crashdump to include
            * this data.  This includes the vm_page_array and the early UMA
            * bootstrap pages.
            */
           for (pa = new_end; pa < phys_avail[biggestone + 1]; pa += PAGE_SIZE)
                   dump_add_page(pa);
   #endif  
           phys_avail[biggestone + 1] = new_end;
   
           /*
            * Clear all of the page structures
            */
           bzero((caddr_t) vm_page_array, page_range * sizeof(struct vm_page));
           for (i = 0; i < page_range; i++)
                   vm_page_array[i].order = VM_NFREEORDER;
           vm_page_array_size = page_range;
   
           /*
            * Initialize the physical memory allocator.
            */
           vm_phys_init();
   
           /*
            * Add every available physical page that is not blacklisted to
            * the free lists.
            */
           cnt.v_page_count = 0;
           cnt.v_free_count = 0;
           list = getenv("vm.blacklist");
           for (i = 0; phys_avail[i + 1] != 0; i += 2) {
                   pa = phys_avail[i];
                   last_pa = phys_avail[i + 1];
                   while (pa < last_pa) {
                           if (list != NULL &&
                               vm_page_blacklist_lookup(list, pa))
                                   printf("Skipping page with pa 0x%jx\n",
                                       (uintmax_t)pa);
                           else
                                   vm_phys_add_page(pa);
                           pa += PAGE_SIZE;
                   }
           }
           freeenv(list);
   #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
           /*
            * Initialize the reservation management system.
            */
           vm_reserv_init();
   #endif
           return (vaddr);
   }
   
   
   CTASSERT(offsetof(struct vm_page, aflags) % sizeof(uint32_t) == 0);
   
   void
   vm_page_aflag_set(vm_page_t m, uint8_t bits)
   {
           uint32_t *addr, val;
   
           /*
            * The PGA_WRITEABLE flag can only be set if the page is managed and
            * VPO_BUSY.  Currently, this flag is only set by pmap_enter().
            */
           KASSERT((bits & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0 ||
               (m->oflags & (VPO_UNMANAGED | VPO_BUSY)) == VPO_BUSY,
               ("PGA_WRITEABLE and !VPO_BUSY"));
   
           /*
            * We want to use atomic updates for m->aflags, which is a
            * byte wide.  Not all architectures provide atomic operations
            * on the single-byte destination.  Punt and access the whole
            * 4-byte word with an atomic update.  Parallel non-atomic
            * updates to the fields included in the update by proximity
            * are handled properly by atomics.
            */
           addr = (void *)&m->aflags;
           MPASS(((uintptr_t)addr & (sizeof(uint32_t) - 1)) == 0);
           val = bits;
   #if BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
           val <<= 24;
   #endif
           atomic_set_32(addr, val);
   } 
   
   void
   vm_page_aflag_clear(vm_page_t m, uint8_t bits)
   {
           uint32_t *addr, val;
   
           /*
            * The PGA_REFERENCED flag can only be cleared if the object
            * containing the page is locked.
            */
           KASSERT((bits & PGA_REFERENCED) == 0 || VM_OBJECT_LOCKED(m->object),
               ("PGA_REFERENCED and !VM_OBJECT_LOCKED"));
   
           /*
            * See the comment in vm_page_aflag_set().
            */
           addr = (void *)&m->aflags;
           MPASS(((uintptr_t)addr & (sizeof(uint32_t) - 1)) == 0);
           val = bits;
   #if BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
           val <<= 24;
   #endif
           atomic_clear_32(addr, val);
   }
   
   void
   vm_page_reference(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
   }
   
   void
   vm_page_busy(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
           KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) == 0,
               ("vm_page_busy: page already busy!!!"));
           m->oflags |= VPO_BUSY;
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_flash:
    *
    *      wakeup anyone waiting for the page.
    */
   void
   vm_page_flash(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
           if (m->oflags & VPO_WANTED) {
                   m->oflags &= ~VPO_WANTED;
                   wakeup(m);
           }
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_wakeup:
    *
    *      clear the VPO_BUSY flag and wakeup anyone waiting for the
    *      page.
    *
    */
   void
   vm_page_wakeup(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
           KASSERT(m->oflags & VPO_BUSY, ("vm_page_wakeup: page not busy!!!"));
           m->oflags &= ~VPO_BUSY;
           vm_page_flash(m);
   }
   
   void
   vm_page_io_start(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
           m->busy++;
   }
   
   void
   vm_page_io_finish(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
           KASSERT(m->busy > 0, ("vm_page_io_finish: page %p is not busy", m));
           m->busy--;
           if (m->busy == 0)
                   vm_page_flash(m);
   }
   
   /*
    * Keep page from being freed by the page daemon
    * much of the same effect as wiring, except much lower
    * overhead and should be used only for *very* temporary
    * holding ("wiring").
    */
   void
   vm_page_hold(vm_page_t mem)
   {
   
           vm_page_lock_assert(mem, MA_OWNED);
           mem->hold_count++;
   }
   
   void
   vm_page_unhold(vm_page_t mem)
   {
   
           vm_page_lock_assert(mem, MA_OWNED);
           --mem->hold_count;
           KASSERT(mem->hold_count >= 0, ("vm_page_unhold: hold count < 0!!!"));
           if (mem->hold_count == 0 && mem->queue == PQ_HOLD)
                   vm_page_free_toq(mem);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_unhold_pages:
    *
    *      Unhold each of the pages that is referenced by the given array.
    */ 
   void
   vm_page_unhold_pages(vm_page_t *ma, int count)
   {
           struct mtx *mtx, *new_mtx;
   
           mtx = NULL;
           for (; count != 0; count--) {
                   /*
                    * Avoid releasing and reacquiring the same page lock.
                    */
                   new_mtx = vm_page_lockptr(*ma);
                   if (mtx != new_mtx) {
                           if (mtx != NULL)
                                   mtx_unlock(mtx);
                           mtx = new_mtx;
                           mtx_lock(mtx);
                   }
                   vm_page_unhold(*ma);
                   ma++;
           }
           if (mtx != NULL)
                   mtx_unlock(mtx);
   }
   
   vm_page_t
   PHYS_TO_VM_PAGE(vm_paddr_t pa)
   {
           vm_page_t m;
   
   #ifdef VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE
           m = vm_phys_paddr_to_vm_page(pa);
           if (m == NULL)
                   m = vm_phys_fictitious_to_vm_page(pa);
           return (m);
   #elif defined(VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE)
           long pi;
   
           pi = atop(pa);
           if (pi >= first_page && (pi - first_page) < vm_page_array_size) {
                   m = &vm_page_array[pi - first_page];
                   return (m);
           }
           return (vm_phys_fictitious_to_vm_page(pa));
   #else
   #error "Either VM_PHYSSEG_DENSE or VM_PHYSSEG_SPARSE must be defined."
   #endif
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_getfake:
    *
    *      Create a fictitious page with the specified physical address and
    *      memory attribute.  The memory attribute is the only the machine-
    *      dependent aspect of a fictitious page that must be initialized.
    */
   vm_page_t
   vm_page_getfake(vm_paddr_t paddr, vm_memattr_t memattr)
   {
           vm_page_t m;
   
           m = uma_zalloc(fakepg_zone, M_WAITOK | M_ZERO);
           vm_page_initfake(m, paddr, memattr);
           return (m);
   }
   
   void
   vm_page_initfake(vm_page_t m, vm_paddr_t paddr, vm_memattr_t memattr)
   {
   
           if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                   /*
                    * The page's memattr might have changed since the
                    * previous initialization.  Update the pmap to the
                    * new memattr.
                    */
                   goto memattr;
           }
           m->phys_addr = paddr;
           m->queue = PQ_NONE;
           /* Fictitious pages don't use "segind". */
           m->flags = PG_FICTITIOUS;
           /* Fictitious pages don't use "order" or "pool". */
           m->oflags = VPO_BUSY | VPO_UNMANAGED;
           m->wire_count = 1;
   memattr:
           pmap_page_set_memattr(m, memattr);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_putfake:
    *
    *      Release a fictitious page.
    */
   void
   vm_page_putfake(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0, ("managed %p", m));
           KASSERT((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0,
               ("vm_page_putfake: bad page %p", m));
           uma_zfree(fakepg_zone, m);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_updatefake:
    *
    *      Update the given fictitious page to the specified physical address and
    *      memory attribute.
    */
   void
   vm_page_updatefake(vm_page_t m, vm_paddr_t paddr, vm_memattr_t memattr)
   {
   
           KASSERT((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0,
               ("vm_page_updatefake: bad page %p", m));
           m->phys_addr = paddr;
           pmap_page_set_memattr(m, memattr);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_free:
    *
    *      Free a page.
    */
   void
   vm_page_free(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
           vm_page_free_toq(m);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_free_zero:
    *
    *      Free a page to the zerod-pages queue
    */
   void
   vm_page_free_zero(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           m->flags |= PG_ZERO;
           vm_page_free_toq(m);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_sleep:
    *
    *      Sleep and release the page and page queues locks.
    *
    *      The object containing the given page must be locked.
    */
   void
   vm_page_sleep(vm_page_t m, const char *msg)
   {
   
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
           if (mtx_owned(&vm_page_queue_mtx))
                   vm_page_unlock_queues();
           if (mtx_owned(vm_page_lockptr(m)))
                   vm_page_unlock(m);
   
           /*
            * It's possible that while we sleep, the page will get
            * unbusied and freed.  If we are holding the object
            * lock, we will assume we hold a reference to the object
            * such that even if m->object changes, we can re-lock
            * it.
            */
           m->oflags |= VPO_WANTED;
           msleep(m, VM_OBJECT_MTX(m->object), PVM, msg, 0);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_dirty:
    *
    *      Set all bits in the page's dirty field.
    *
    *      The object containing the specified page must be locked if the
    *      call is made from the machine-independent layer.
    *
    *      See vm_page_clear_dirty_mask().
    */
   void
   vm_page_dirty(vm_page_t m)
   {
   
           KASSERT((m->flags & PG_CACHED) == 0,
               ("vm_page_dirty: page in cache!"));
           KASSERT(!VM_PAGE_IS_FREE(m),
               ("vm_page_dirty: page is free!"));
           KASSERT(m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL,
               ("vm_page_dirty: page is invalid!"));
           m->dirty = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_splay:
    *
    *      Implements Sleator and Tarjan's top-down splay algorithm.  Returns
    *      the vm_page containing the given pindex.  If, however, that
    *      pindex is not found in the vm_object, returns a vm_page that is
    *      adjacent to the pindex, coming before or after it.
    */
   vm_page_t
   vm_page_splay(vm_pindex_t pindex, vm_page_t root)
   {
           struct vm_page dummy;
           vm_page_t lefttreemax, righttreemin, y;
   
           if (root == NULL)
                   return (root);
           lefttreemax = righttreemin = &dummy;
           for (;; root = y) {
                   if (pindex < root->pindex) {
                           if ((y = root->left) == NULL)
                                   break;
                           if (pindex < y->pindex) {
                                   /* Rotate right. */
                                   root->left = y->right;
                                   y->right = root;
                                   root = y;
                                   if ((y = root->left) == NULL)
                                           break;
                           }
                           /* Link into the new root's right tree. */
                           righttreemin->left = root;
                           righttreemin = root;
                   } else if (pindex > root->pindex) {
                           if ((y = root->right) == NULL)
                                   break;
                           if (pindex > y->pindex) {
                                   /* Rotate left. */
                                   root->right = y->left;
                                   y->left = root;
                                   root = y;
                                   if ((y = root->right) == NULL)
                                           break;
                           }
                           /* Link into the new root's left tree. */
                           lefttreemax->right = root;
                           lefttreemax = root;
                   } else
                           break;
           }
           /* Assemble the new root. */
           lefttreemax->right = root->left;
           righttreemin->left = root->right;
           root->left = dummy.right;
           root->right = dummy.left;
           return (root);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_insert:         [ internal use only ]
    *
    *      Inserts the given mem entry into the object and object list.
    *
    *      The pagetables are not updated but will presumably fault the page
    *      in if necessary, or if a kernel page the caller will at some point
    *      enter the page into the kernel's pmap.  We are not allowed to block
    *      here so we *can't* do this anyway.
    *
    *      The object and page must be locked.
    *      This routine may not block.
    */
   void
   vm_page_insert(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
   {
           vm_page_t root;
   
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
           if (m->object != NULL)
                   panic("vm_page_insert: page already inserted");
   
           /*
            * Record the object/offset pair in this page
            */
           m->object = object;
           m->pindex = pindex;
   
           /*
            * Now link into the object's ordered list of backed pages.
            */
           root = object->root;
           if (root == NULL) {
                   m->left = NULL;
                   m->right = NULL;
                   TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&object->memq, m, listq);
           } else {
                   root = vm_page_splay(pindex, root);
                   if (pindex < root->pindex) {
                           m->left = root->left;
                           m->right = root;
                           root->left = NULL;
                           TAILQ_INSERT_BEFORE(root, m, listq);
                   } else if (pindex == root->pindex)
                           panic("vm_page_insert: offset already allocated");
                   else {
                           m->right = root->right;
                           m->left = root;
                           root->right = NULL;
                           TAILQ_INSERT_AFTER(&object->memq, root, m, listq);
                   }
           }
           object->root = m;
   
           /*
            * show that the object has one more resident page.
            */
           object->resident_page_count++;
           /*
            * Hold the vnode until the last page is released.
            */
           if (object->resident_page_count == 1 && object->type == OBJT_VNODE)
                   vhold((struct vnode *)object->handle);
   
           /*
            * Since we are inserting a new and possibly dirty page,
            * update the object's OBJ_MIGHTBEDIRTY flag.
            */
           if (m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE)
                   vm_object_set_writeable_dirty(object);
   }
   
   /*
    *      vm_page_remove:
    *                              NOTE: used by device pager as well -wfj
    *
    *      Removes the given mem entry from the object/offset-page
    *      table and the object page list, but do not invalidate/terminate
    *      the backing store.
    *
    *      The object and page must be locked.
    *      The underlying pmap entry (if any) is NOT removed here.
    *      This routine may not block.
    */
   void
   vm_page_remove(vm_page_t m)
   {
           vm_object_t object;
           vm_page_t next, prev, root;
   
           if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                   vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
           if ((object = m->object) == NULL)
                   return;
           VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
           if (m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) {
                   m->oflags &= ~VPO_BUSY;
                   vm_page_flash(m);
           }
   
           /*
            * Now remove from the object's list of backed pages.
            */
           if ((next = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq)) != NULL && next->left == m) {
                   /*
                    * Since the page's successor in the list is also its parent
                    * in the tree, its right subtree must be empty.
                    */
                   next->left = m->left;
                   KASSERT(m->right == NULL,
                       ("vm_page_remove: page %p has right child", m));
           } else if ((prev = TAILQ_PREV(m, pglist, listq)) != NULL &&
               prev->right == m) {
                   /*
                    * Since the page's predecessor in the list is also its parent
                    * in the tree, its left subtree must be empty.
                    */
                   KASSERT(m->left == NULL,
                       ("vm_page_remove: page %p has left child", m));
                   prev->right = m->right;
           } else {
                   if (m != object->root)
                           vm_page_splay(m->pindex, object->root);
                   if (m->left == NULL)
                           root = m->right;
                   else if (m->right == NULL)
                           root = m->left;
                   else {
                           /*
                            * Move the page's successor to the root, because
                            * pages are usually removed in ascending order.
                            */
                           if (m->right != next)
                                   vm_page_splay(m->pindex, m->right);
                           next->left = m->left;
                           root = next;
                  }
                  object->root = root;
          }
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&object->memq, m, listq);
  
          /*
           * And show that the object has one fewer resident page.
           */
          object->resident_page_count--;
          /*
           * The vnode may now be recycled.
           */
          if (object->resident_page_count == 0 && object->type == OBJT_VNODE)
                  vdrop((struct vnode *)object->handle);
  
          m->object = NULL;
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_lookup:
   *
   *      Returns the page associated with the object/offset
   *      pair specified; if none is found, NULL is returned.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   *      This routine may not block.
   *      This is a critical path routine
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_lookup(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m = object->root) != NULL && m->pindex != pindex) {
                  m = vm_page_splay(pindex, m);
                  if ((object->root = m)->pindex != pindex)
                          m = NULL;
          }
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_find_least:
   *
   *      Returns the page associated with the object with least pindex
   *      greater than or equal to the parameter pindex, or NULL.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   *      The routine may not block.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_find_least(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m = TAILQ_FIRST(&object->memq)) != NULL) {
                  if (m->pindex < pindex) {
                          m = vm_page_splay(pindex, object->root);
                          if ((object->root = m)->pindex < pindex)
                                  m = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq);
                  }
          }
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns the given page's successor (by pindex) within the object if it is
   * resident; if none is found, NULL is returned.
   *
   * The object must be locked.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_next(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_page_t next;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((next = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq)) != NULL &&
              next->pindex != m->pindex + 1)
                  next = NULL;
          return (next);
  }
  
  /*
   * Returns the given page's predecessor (by pindex) within the object if it is
   * resident; if none is found, NULL is returned.
   *
   * The object must be locked.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_prev(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_page_t prev;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((prev = TAILQ_PREV(m, pglist, listq)) != NULL &&
              prev->pindex != m->pindex - 1)
                  prev = NULL;
          return (prev);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_rename:
   *
   *      Move the given memory entry from its
   *      current object to the specified target object/offset.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   *      This routine may not block.
   *
   *      Note: swap associated with the page must be invalidated by the move.  We
   *            have to do this for several reasons:  (1) we aren't freeing the
   *            page, (2) we are dirtying the page, (3) the VM system is probably
   *            moving the page from object A to B, and will then later move
   *            the backing store from A to B and we can't have a conflict.
   *
   *      Note: we *always* dirty the page.  It is necessary both for the
   *            fact that we moved it, and because we may be invalidating
   *            swap.  If the page is on the cache, we have to deactivate it
   *            or vm_page_dirty() will panic.  Dirty pages are not allowed
   *            on the cache.
   */
  void
  vm_page_rename(vm_page_t m, vm_object_t new_object, vm_pindex_t new_pindex)
  {
  
          vm_page_remove(m);
          vm_page_insert(m, new_object, new_pindex);
          vm_page_dirty(m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Convert all of the given object's cached pages that have a
   *      pindex within the given range into free pages.  If the value
   *      zero is given for "end", then the range's upper bound is
   *      infinity.  If the given object is backed by a vnode and it
   *      transitions from having one or more cached pages to none, the
   *      vnode's hold count is reduced. 
   */
  void
  vm_page_cache_free(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t start, vm_pindex_t end)
  {
          vm_page_t m, m_next;
          boolean_t empty;
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          if (__predict_false(object->cache == NULL)) {
                  mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
                  return;
          }
          m = object->cache = vm_page_splay(start, object->cache);
          if (m->pindex < start) {
                  if (m->right == NULL)
                          m = NULL;
                  else {
                          m_next = vm_page_splay(start, m->right);
                          m_next->left = m;
                          m->right = NULL;
                          m = object->cache = m_next;
                  }
          }
  
          /*
           * At this point, "m" is either (1) a reference to the page
           * with the least pindex that is greater than or equal to
           * "start" or (2) NULL.
           */
          for (; m != NULL && (m->pindex < end || end == 0); m = m_next) {
                  /*
                   * Find "m"'s successor and remove "m" from the
                   * object's cache.
                   */
                  if (m->right == NULL) {
                          object->cache = m->left;
                          m_next = NULL;
                  } else {
                          m_next = vm_page_splay(start, m->right);
                          m_next->left = m->left;
                          object->cache = m_next;
                  }
                  /* Convert "m" to a free page. */
                  m->object = NULL;
                  m->valid = 0;
                  /* Clear PG_CACHED and set PG_FREE. */
                  m->flags ^= PG_CACHED | PG_FREE;
                  KASSERT((m->flags & (PG_CACHED | PG_FREE)) == PG_FREE,
                      ("vm_page_cache_free: page %p has inconsistent flags", m));
                  cnt.v_cache_count--;
                  cnt.v_free_count++;
          }
          empty = object->cache == NULL;
          mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE && empty)
                  vdrop(object->handle);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Returns the cached page that is associated with the given
   *      object and offset.  If, however, none exists, returns NULL.
   *
   *      The free page queue must be locked.
   */
  static inline vm_page_t
  vm_page_cache_lookup(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m = object->cache) != NULL && m->pindex != pindex) {
                  m = vm_page_splay(pindex, m);
                  if ((object->cache = m)->pindex != pindex)
                          m = NULL;
          }
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Remove the given cached page from its containing object's
   *      collection of cached pages.
   *
   *      The free page queue must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_cache_remove(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_object_t object;
          vm_page_t root;
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT((m->flags & PG_CACHED) != 0,
              ("vm_page_cache_remove: page %p is not cached", m));
          object = m->object;
          if (m != object->cache) {
                  root = vm_page_splay(m->pindex, object->cache);
                  KASSERT(root == m,
                      ("vm_page_cache_remove: page %p is not cached in object %p",
                      m, object));
          }
          if (m->left == NULL)
                  root = m->right;
          else if (m->right == NULL)
                  root = m->left;
          else {
                  root = vm_page_splay(m->pindex, m->left);
                  root->right = m->right;
          }
          object->cache = root;
          m->object = NULL;
          cnt.v_cache_count--;
  }
  
  /*
   *      Transfer all of the cached pages with offset greater than or
   *      equal to 'offidxstart' from the original object's cache to the
   *      new object's cache.  However, any cached pages with offset
   *      greater than or equal to the new object's size are kept in the
   *      original object.  Initially, the new object's cache must be
   *      empty.  Offset 'offidxstart' in the original object must
   *      correspond to offset zero in the new object.
   *
   *      The new object must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_cache_transfer(vm_object_t orig_object, vm_pindex_t offidxstart,
      vm_object_t new_object)
  {
          vm_page_t m, m_next;
  
          /*
           * Insertion into an object's collection of cached pages
           * requires the object to be locked.  In contrast, removal does
           * not.
           */
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(new_object, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT(new_object->cache == NULL,
              ("vm_page_cache_transfer: object %p has cached pages",
              new_object));
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          if ((m = orig_object->cache) != NULL) {
                  /*
                   * Transfer all of the pages with offset greater than or
                   * equal to 'offidxstart' from the original object's
                   * cache to the new object's cache.
                   */
                  m = vm_page_splay(offidxstart, m);
                  if (m->pindex < offidxstart) {
                          orig_object->cache = m;
                          new_object->cache = m->right;
                          m->right = NULL;
                  } else {
                          orig_object->cache = m->left;
                          new_object->cache = m;
                          m->left = NULL;
                  }
                  while ((m = new_object->cache) != NULL) {
                          if ((m->pindex - offidxstart) >= new_object->size) {
                                  /*
                                   * Return all of the cached pages with
                                   * offset greater than or equal to the
                                   * new object's size to the original
                                   * object's cache. 
                                   */
                                  new_object->cache = m->left;
                                  m->left = orig_object->cache;
                                  orig_object->cache = m;
                                  break;
                          }
                          m_next = vm_page_splay(m->pindex, m->right);
                          /* Update the page's object and offset. */
                          m->object = new_object;
                          m->pindex -= offidxstart;
                          if (m_next == NULL)
                                  break;
                          m->right = NULL;
                          m_next->left = m;
                          new_object->cache = m_next;
                  }
                  KASSERT(new_object->cache == NULL ||
                      new_object->type == OBJT_SWAP,
                      ("vm_page_cache_transfer: object %p's type is incompatible"
                      " with cached pages", new_object));
          }
          mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
  }
  
  /*
   *      Returns TRUE if a cached page is associated with the given object and
   *      offset, and FALSE otherwise.
   *
   *      The object must be locked.
   */
  boolean_t
  vm_page_is_cached(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          /*
           * Insertion into an object's collection of cached pages requires the
           * object to be locked.  Therefore, if the object is locked and the
           * object's collection is empty, there is no need to acquire the free
           * page queues lock in order to prove that the specified page doesn't
           * exist.
           */
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          if (object->cache == NULL)
                  return (FALSE);
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          m = vm_page_cache_lookup(object, pindex);
          mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          return (m != NULL);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_alloc:
   *
   *      Allocate and return a memory cell associated
   *      with this VM object/offset pair.
   *
   *      The caller must always specify an allocation class.
   *
   *      allocation classes:
   *      VM_ALLOC_NORMAL         normal process request
   *      VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM         system *really* needs a page
   *      VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT      interrupt time request
   *
   *      optional allocation flags:
   *      VM_ALLOC_ZERO           prefer a zeroed page
   *      VM_ALLOC_WIRED          wire the allocated page
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ          page is not associated with a vm object
   *      VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY         do not set the page busy
   *      VM_ALLOC_IFCACHED       return page only if it is cached
   *      VM_ALLOC_IFNOTCACHED    return NULL, do not reactivate if the page
   *                              is cached
   *
   *      This routine may not sleep.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int req)
  {
          struct vnode *vp = NULL;
          vm_object_t m_object;
          vm_page_t m;
          int flags, page_req;
  
          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ) == 0) {
                  KASSERT(object != NULL,
                      ("vm_page_alloc: NULL object."));
                  VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          }
  
          page_req = req & VM_ALLOC_CLASS_MASK;
  
          /*
           * The pager is allowed to eat deeper into the free page list.
           */
          if ((curproc == pageproc) && (page_req != VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT))
                  page_req = VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM;
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          if (cnt.v_free_count + cnt.v_cache_count > cnt.v_free_reserved ||
              (page_req == VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM && 
              cnt.v_free_count + cnt.v_cache_count > cnt.v_interrupt_free_min) ||
              (page_req == VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT &&
              cnt.v_free_count + cnt.v_cache_count > 0)) {
                  /*
                   * Allocate from the free queue if the number of free pages
                   * exceeds the minimum for the request class.
                   */
                  if (object != NULL &&
                      (m = vm_page_cache_lookup(object, pindex)) != NULL) {
                          if ((req & VM_ALLOC_IFNOTCACHED) != 0) {
                                  mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
                                  return (NULL);
                          }
                          if (vm_phys_unfree_page(m))
                                  vm_phys_set_pool(VM_FREEPOOL_DEFAULT, m, 0);
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                          else if (!vm_reserv_reactivate_page(m))
  #else
                          else
  #endif
                                  panic("vm_page_alloc: cache page %p is missing"
                                      " from the free queue", m);
                  } else if ((req & VM_ALLOC_IFCACHED) != 0) {
                          mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
                          return (NULL);
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                  } else if (object == NULL || object->type == OBJT_DEVICE ||
                      object->type == OBJT_SG ||
                      (object->flags & OBJ_COLORED) == 0 ||
                      (m = vm_reserv_alloc_page(object, pindex)) == NULL) {
  #else
                  } else {
  #endif
                          m = vm_phys_alloc_pages(object != NULL ?
                              VM_FREEPOOL_DEFAULT : VM_FREEPOOL_DIRECT, 0);
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                          if (m == NULL && vm_reserv_reclaim_inactive()) {
                                  m = vm_phys_alloc_pages(object != NULL ?
                                      VM_FREEPOOL_DEFAULT : VM_FREEPOOL_DIRECT,
                                      0);
                          }
  #endif
                  }
          } else {
                  /*
                   * Not allocatable, give up.
                   */
                  mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
                  atomic_add_int(&vm_pageout_deficit,
                      MAX((u_int)req >> VM_ALLOC_COUNT_SHIFT, 1));
                  pagedaemon_wakeup();
                  return (NULL);
          }
  
          /*
           *  At this point we had better have found a good page.
           */
  
          KASSERT(m != NULL, ("vm_page_alloc: missing page"));
          KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_NONE,
              ("vm_page_alloc: page %p has unexpected queue %d", m, m->queue));
          KASSERT(m->wire_count == 0, ("vm_page_alloc: page %p is wired", m));
          KASSERT(m->hold_count == 0, ("vm_page_alloc: page %p is held", m));
          KASSERT(m->busy == 0, ("vm_page_alloc: page %p is busy", m));
          KASSERT(m->dirty == 0, ("vm_page_alloc: page %p is dirty", m));
          KASSERT(pmap_page_get_memattr(m) == VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT,
              ("vm_page_alloc: page %p has unexpected memattr %d", m,
              pmap_page_get_memattr(m)));
          if ((m->flags & PG_CACHED) != 0) {
                  KASSERT(m->valid != 0,
                      ("vm_page_alloc: cached page %p is invalid", m));
                  if (m->object == object && m->pindex == pindex)
                          cnt.v_reactivated++;
                  else
                          m->valid = 0;
                  m_object = m->object;
                  vm_page_cache_remove(m);
                  if (m_object->type == OBJT_VNODE && m_object->cache == NULL)
                          vp = m_object->handle;
          } else {
                  KASSERT(VM_PAGE_IS_FREE(m),
                      ("vm_page_alloc: page %p is not free", m));
                  KASSERT(m->valid == 0,
                      ("vm_page_alloc: free page %p is valid", m));
                  cnt.v_free_count--;
          }
  
          /*
           * Only the PG_ZERO flag is inherited.  The PG_CACHED or PG_FREE flag
           * must be cleared before the free page queues lock is released.
           */
          flags = 0;
          if (req & VM_ALLOC_NODUMP)
                  flags |= PG_NODUMP;
          if (m->flags & PG_ZERO) {
                  vm_page_zero_count--;
                  if (req & VM_ALLOC_ZERO)
                          flags = PG_ZERO;
          }
          m->flags = flags;
          mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          m->aflags = 0;
          if (object == NULL || object->type == OBJT_PHYS)
                  m->oflags = VPO_UNMANAGED;
          else
                  m->oflags = 0;
          if ((req & (VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY | VM_ALLOC_NOOBJ)) == 0)
                  m->oflags |= VPO_BUSY;
          if (req & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) {
                  /*
                   * The page lock is not required for wiring a page until that
                   * page is inserted into the object.
                   */
                  atomic_add_int(&cnt.v_wire_count, 1);
                  m->wire_count = 1;
          }
          m->act_count = 0;
  
          if (object != NULL) {
                  /* Ignore device objects; the pager sets "memattr" for them. */
                  if (object->memattr != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT &&
                      object->type != OBJT_DEVICE && object->type != OBJT_SG)
                          pmap_page_set_memattr(m, object->memattr);
                  vm_page_insert(m, object, pindex);
          } else
                  m->pindex = pindex;
  
          /*
           * The following call to vdrop() must come after the above call
           * to vm_page_insert() in case both affect the same object and
           * vnode.  Otherwise, the affected vnode's hold count could
           * temporarily become zero.
           */
          if (vp != NULL)
                  vdrop(vp);
  
          /*
           * Don't wakeup too often - wakeup the pageout daemon when
           * we would be nearly out of memory.
           */
          if (vm_paging_needed())
                  pagedaemon_wakeup();
  
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Initialize a page that has been freshly dequeued from a freelist.
   * The caller has to drop the vnode returned, if it is not NULL.
   *
   * To be called with vm_page_queue_free_mtx held.
   */
  struct vnode *
  vm_page_alloc_init(vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct vnode *drop;
          vm_object_t m_object;
  
          KASSERT(m->queue == PQ_NONE,
              ("vm_page_alloc_init: page %p has unexpected queue %d",
              m, m->queue));
          KASSERT(m->wire_count == 0,
              ("vm_page_alloc_init: page %p is wired", m));
          KASSERT(m->hold_count == 0,
              ("vm_page_alloc_init: page %p is held", m));
          KASSERT(m->busy == 0,
              ("vm_page_alloc_init: page %p is busy", m));
          KASSERT(m->dirty == 0,
              ("vm_page_alloc_init: page %p is dirty", m));
          KASSERT(pmap_page_get_memattr(m) == VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT,
              ("vm_page_alloc_init: page %p has unexpected memattr %d",
              m, pmap_page_get_memattr(m)));
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          drop = NULL;
          if ((m->flags & PG_CACHED) != 0) {
                  m->valid = 0;
                  m_object = m->object;
                  vm_page_cache_remove(m);
                  if (m_object->type == OBJT_VNODE &&
                      m_object->cache == NULL)
                          drop = m_object->handle;
          } else {
                  KASSERT(VM_PAGE_IS_FREE(m),
                      ("vm_page_alloc_init: page %p is not free", m));
                  KASSERT(m->valid == 0,
                      ("vm_page_alloc_init: free page %p is valid", m));
                  cnt.v_free_count--;
          }
          if (m->flags & PG_ZERO)
                  vm_page_zero_count--;
          /* Don't clear the PG_ZERO flag; we'll need it later. */
          m->flags &= PG_ZERO;
          m->aflags = 0;
          m->oflags = VPO_UNMANAGED;
          /* Unmanaged pages don't use "act_count". */
          return (drop);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_alloc_freelist:
   * 
   *      Allocate a page from the specified freelist.
   *      Only the ALLOC_CLASS values in req are honored, other request flags
   *      are ignored.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_alloc_freelist(int flind, int req)
  {
          struct vnode *drop;
          vm_page_t m;
          int page_req;
  
          m = NULL;
          page_req = req & VM_ALLOC_CLASS_MASK;
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          /*
           * Do not allocate reserved pages unless the req has asked for it.
           */
          if (cnt.v_free_count + cnt.v_cache_count > cnt.v_free_reserved ||
              (page_req == VM_ALLOC_SYSTEM && 
              cnt.v_free_count + cnt.v_cache_count > cnt.v_interrupt_free_min) ||
              (page_req == VM_ALLOC_INTERRUPT &&
              cnt.v_free_count + cnt.v_cache_count > 0)) {
                  m = vm_phys_alloc_freelist_pages(flind, VM_FREEPOOL_DIRECT, 0);
          }
          if (m == NULL) {
                  mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
                  return (NULL);
          }
          drop = vm_page_alloc_init(m);
          mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          if (drop)
                  vdrop(drop);
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_wait:        (also see VM_WAIT macro)
   *
   *      Block until free pages are available for allocation
   *      - Called in various places before memory allocations.
   */
  void
  vm_wait(void)
  {
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          if (curproc == pageproc) {
                  vm_pageout_pages_needed = 1;
                  msleep(&vm_pageout_pages_needed, &vm_page_queue_free_mtx,
                      PDROP | PSWP, "VMWait", 0);
          } else {
                  if (!vm_pages_needed) {
                          vm_pages_needed = 1;
                          wakeup(&vm_pages_needed);
                  }
                  msleep(&cnt.v_free_count, &vm_page_queue_free_mtx, PDROP | PVM,
                      "vmwait", 0);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_waitpfault:  (also see VM_WAITPFAULT macro)
   *
   *      Block until free pages are available for allocation
   *      - Called only in vm_fault so that processes page faulting
   *        can be easily tracked.
   *      - Sleeps at a lower priority than vm_wait() so that vm_wait()ing
   *        processes will be able to grab memory first.  Do not change
   *        this balance without careful testing first.
   */
  void
  vm_waitpfault(void)
  {
  
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          if (!vm_pages_needed) {
                  vm_pages_needed = 1;
                  wakeup(&vm_pages_needed);
          }
          msleep(&cnt.v_free_count, &vm_page_queue_free_mtx, PDROP | PUSER,
              "pfault", 0);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_requeue:
   *
   *      Move the given page to the tail of its present page queue.
   *
   *      The page queues must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_requeue(vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct vpgqueues *vpq;
          int queue;
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          queue = m->queue;
          KASSERT(queue != PQ_NONE,
              ("vm_page_requeue: page %p is not queued", m));
          vpq = &vm_page_queues[queue];
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&vpq->pl, m, pageq);
          TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&vpq->pl, m, pageq);
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_queue_remove:
   *
   *      Remove the given page from the specified queue.
   *
   *      The page and page queues must be locked.
   */
  static __inline void
  vm_page_queue_remove(int queue, vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct vpgqueues *pq;
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          pq = &vm_page_queues[queue];
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&pq->pl, m, pageq);
          (*pq->cnt)--;
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_pageq_remove:
   *
   *      Remove a page from its queue.
   *
   *      The given page must be locked.
   *      This routine may not block.
   */
  void
  vm_pageq_remove(vm_page_t m)
  {
          int queue;
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          if ((queue = m->queue) != PQ_NONE) {
                  vm_page_lock_queues();
                  m->queue = PQ_NONE;
                  vm_page_queue_remove(queue, m);
                  vm_page_unlock_queues();
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_enqueue:
   *
   *      Add the given page to the specified queue.
   *
   *      The page queues must be locked.
   */
  static void
  vm_page_enqueue(int queue, vm_page_t m)
  {
          struct vpgqueues *vpq;
  
          vpq = &vm_page_queues[queue];
          m->queue = queue;
          TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&vpq->pl, m, pageq);
          ++*vpq->cnt;
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_activate:
   *
   *      Put the specified page on the active list (if appropriate).
   *      Ensure that act_count is at least ACT_INIT but do not otherwise
   *      mess with it.
   *
   *      The page must be locked.
   *      This routine may not block.
   */
  void
  vm_page_activate(vm_page_t m)
  {
          int queue;
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((queue = m->queue) != PQ_ACTIVE) {
                  if (m->wire_count == 0 && (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0) {
                          if (m->act_count < ACT_INIT)
                                  m->act_count = ACT_INIT;
                          vm_page_lock_queues();
                          if (queue != PQ_NONE)
                                  vm_page_queue_remove(queue, m);
                          vm_page_enqueue(PQ_ACTIVE, m);
                          vm_page_unlock_queues();
                  } else
                          KASSERT(queue == PQ_NONE,
                              ("vm_page_activate: wired page %p is queued", m));
          } else {
                  if (m->act_count < ACT_INIT)
                          m->act_count = ACT_INIT;
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_free_wakeup:
   *
   *      Helper routine for vm_page_free_toq() and vm_page_cache().  This
   *      routine is called when a page has been added to the cache or free
   *      queues.
   *
   *      The page queues must be locked.
   *      This routine may not block.
   */
  static inline void
  vm_page_free_wakeup(void)
  {
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx, MA_OWNED);
          /*
           * if pageout daemon needs pages, then tell it that there are
           * some free.
           */
          if (vm_pageout_pages_needed &&
              cnt.v_cache_count + cnt.v_free_count >= cnt.v_pageout_free_min) {
                  wakeup(&vm_pageout_pages_needed);
                  vm_pageout_pages_needed = 0;
          }
          /*
           * wakeup processes that are waiting on memory if we hit a
           * high water mark. And wakeup scheduler process if we have
           * lots of memory. this process will swapin processes.
           */
          if (vm_pages_needed && !vm_page_count_min()) {
                  vm_pages_needed = 0;
                  wakeup(&cnt.v_free_count);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_free_toq:
   *
   *      Returns the given page to the free list,
   *      disassociating it with any VM object.
   *
   *      Object and page must be locked prior to entry.
   *      This routine may not block.
   */
  
  void
  vm_page_free_toq(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0) {
                  vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
                  KASSERT(!pmap_page_is_mapped(m),
                      ("vm_page_free_toq: freeing mapped page %p", m));
          }
          PCPU_INC(cnt.v_tfree);
  
          if (VM_PAGE_IS_FREE(m))
                  panic("vm_page_free: freeing free page %p", m);
          else if (m->busy != 0)
                  panic("vm_page_free: freeing busy page %p", m);
  
          /*
           * unqueue, then remove page.  Note that we cannot destroy
           * the page here because we do not want to call the pager's
           * callback routine until after we've put the page on the
           * appropriate free queue.
           */
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                  vm_pageq_remove(m);
          vm_page_remove(m);
  
          /*
           * If fictitious remove object association and
           * return, otherwise delay object association removal.
           */
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                  return;
          }
  
          m->valid = 0;
          vm_page_undirty(m);
  
          if (m->wire_count != 0)
                  panic("vm_page_free: freeing wired page %p", m);
          if (m->hold_count != 0) {
                  m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
                  vm_page_lock_queues();
                  vm_page_enqueue(PQ_HOLD, m);
                  vm_page_unlock_queues();
          } else {
                  /*
                   * Restore the default memory attribute to the page.
                   */
                  if (pmap_page_get_memattr(m) != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT)
                          pmap_page_set_memattr(m, VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT);
  
                  /*
                   * Insert the page into the physical memory allocator's
                   * cache/free page queues.
                   */
                  mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
                  m->flags |= PG_FREE;
                  cnt.v_free_count++;
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
                  if (!vm_reserv_free_page(m))
  #else
                  if (TRUE)
  #endif
                          vm_phys_free_pages(m, 0);
                  if ((m->flags & PG_ZERO) != 0)
                          ++vm_page_zero_count;
                  else
                          vm_page_zero_idle_wakeup();
                  vm_page_free_wakeup();
                  mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_wire:
   *
   *      Mark this page as wired down by yet
   *      another map, removing it from paging queues
   *      as necessary.
   *
   *      If the page is fictitious, then its wire count must remain one.
   *
   *      The page must be locked.
   *      This routine may not block.
   */
  void
  vm_page_wire(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          /*
           * Only bump the wire statistics if the page is not already wired,
           * and only unqueue the page if it is on some queue (if it is unmanaged
           * it is already off the queues).
           */
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                  KASSERT(m->wire_count == 1,
                      ("vm_page_wire: fictitious page %p's wire count isn't one",
                      m));
                  return;
          }
          if (m->wire_count == 0) {
                  if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                          vm_pageq_remove(m);
                  atomic_add_int(&cnt.v_wire_count, 1);
          }
          m->wire_count++;
          KASSERT(m->wire_count != 0, ("vm_page_wire: wire_count overflow m=%p", m));
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_unwire:
   *
   * Release one wiring of the specified page, potentially enabling it to be
   * paged again.  If paging is enabled, then the value of the parameter
   * "activate" determines to which queue the page is added.  If "activate" is
   * non-zero, then the page is added to the active queue.  Otherwise, it is
   * added to the inactive queue.
   *
   * However, unless the page belongs to an object, it is not enqueued because
   * it cannot be paged out.
   *
   * If a page is fictitious, then its wire count must alway be one.
   *
   * A managed page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_unwire(vm_page_t m, int activate)
  {
  
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0)
                  vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0) {
                  KASSERT(m->wire_count == 1,
              ("vm_page_unwire: fictitious page %p's wire count isn't one", m));
                  return;
          }
          if (m->wire_count > 0) {
                  m->wire_count--;
                  if (m->wire_count == 0) {
                          atomic_subtract_int(&cnt.v_wire_count, 1);
                          if ((m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0 ||
                              m->object == NULL)
                                  return;
                          if (!activate)
                                  m->flags &= ~PG_WINATCFLS;
                          vm_page_lock_queues();
                          vm_page_enqueue(activate ? PQ_ACTIVE : PQ_INACTIVE, m);
                          vm_page_unlock_queues();
                  }
          } else
                  panic("vm_page_unwire: page %p's wire count is zero", m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Move the specified page to the inactive queue.
   *
   * Many pages placed on the inactive queue should actually go
   * into the cache, but it is difficult to figure out which.  What
   * we do instead, if the inactive target is well met, is to put
   * clean pages at the head of the inactive queue instead of the tail.
   * This will cause them to be moved to the cache more quickly and
   * if not actively re-referenced, reclaimed more quickly.  If we just
   * stick these pages at the end of the inactive queue, heavy filesystem
   * meta-data accesses can cause an unnecessary paging load on memory bound 
   * processes.  This optimization causes one-time-use metadata to be
   * reused more quickly.
   *
   * Normally athead is 0 resulting in LRU operation.  athead is set
   * to 1 if we want this page to be 'as if it were placed in the cache',
   * except without unmapping it from the process address space.
   *
   * This routine may not block.
   */
  static inline void
  _vm_page_deactivate(vm_page_t m, int athead)
  {
          int queue;
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
  
          /*
           * Ignore if already inactive.
           */
          if ((queue = m->queue) == PQ_INACTIVE)
                  return;
          if (m->wire_count == 0 && (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) == 0) {
                  m->flags &= ~PG_WINATCFLS;
                  vm_page_lock_queues();
                  if (queue != PQ_NONE)
                          vm_page_queue_remove(queue, m);
                  if (athead)
                          TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&vm_page_queues[PQ_INACTIVE].pl, m,
                              pageq);
                  else
                          TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&vm_page_queues[PQ_INACTIVE].pl, m,
                              pageq);
                  m->queue = PQ_INACTIVE;
                  cnt.v_inactive_count++;
                  vm_page_unlock_queues();
          }
  }
  
  /*
   * Move the specified page to the inactive queue.
   *
   * The page must be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_deactivate(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          _vm_page_deactivate(m, 0);
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_try_to_cache:
   *
   * Returns 0 on failure, 1 on success
   */
  int
  vm_page_try_to_cache(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if (m->dirty || m->hold_count || m->busy || m->wire_count ||
              (m->oflags & (VPO_BUSY | VPO_UNMANAGED)) != 0)
                  return (0);
          pmap_remove_all(m);
          if (m->dirty)
                  return (0);
          vm_page_cache(m);
          return (1);
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_try_to_free()
   *
   *      Attempt to free the page.  If we cannot free it, we do nothing.
   *      1 is returned on success, 0 on failure.
   */
  int
  vm_page_try_to_free(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          if (m->object != NULL)
                  VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if (m->dirty || m->hold_count || m->busy || m->wire_count ||
              (m->oflags & (VPO_BUSY | VPO_UNMANAGED)) != 0)
                  return (0);
          pmap_remove_all(m);
          if (m->dirty)
                  return (0);
          vm_page_free(m);
          return (1);
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_cache
   *
   * Put the specified page onto the page cache queue (if appropriate).
   *
   * This routine may not block.
   */
  void
  vm_page_cache(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_object_t object;
          vm_page_t next, prev, root;
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          object = m->object;
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m->oflags & (VPO_UNMANAGED | VPO_BUSY)) || m->busy ||
              m->hold_count || m->wire_count)
                  panic("vm_page_cache: attempting to cache busy page");
          pmap_remove_all(m);
          if (m->dirty != 0)
                  panic("vm_page_cache: page %p is dirty", m);
          if (m->valid == 0 || object->type == OBJT_DEFAULT ||
              (object->type == OBJT_SWAP &&
              !vm_pager_has_page(object, m->pindex, NULL, NULL))) {
                  /*
                   * Hypothesis: A cache-elgible page belonging to a
                   * default object or swap object but without a backing
                   * store must be zero filled.
                   */
                  vm_page_free(m);
                  return;
          }
          KASSERT((m->flags & PG_CACHED) == 0,
              ("vm_page_cache: page %p is already cached", m));
          PCPU_INC(cnt.v_tcached);
  
          /*
           * Remove the page from the paging queues.
           */
          vm_pageq_remove(m);
  
          /*
           * Remove the page from the object's collection of resident
           * pages. 
           */
          if ((next = TAILQ_NEXT(m, listq)) != NULL && next->left == m) {
                  /*
                   * Since the page's successor in the list is also its parent
                   * in the tree, its right subtree must be empty.
                   */
                  next->left = m->left;
                  KASSERT(m->right == NULL,
                      ("vm_page_cache: page %p has right child", m));
          } else if ((prev = TAILQ_PREV(m, pglist, listq)) != NULL &&
              prev->right == m) {
                  /*
                   * Since the page's predecessor in the list is also its parent
                   * in the tree, its left subtree must be empty.
                   */
                  KASSERT(m->left == NULL,
                      ("vm_page_cache: page %p has left child", m));
                  prev->right = m->right;
          } else {
                  if (m != object->root)
                          vm_page_splay(m->pindex, object->root);
                  if (m->left == NULL)
                          root = m->right;
                  else if (m->right == NULL)
                          root = m->left;
                  else {
                          /*
                           * Move the page's successor to the root, because
                           * pages are usually removed in ascending order.
                           */
                          if (m->right != next)
                                  vm_page_splay(m->pindex, m->right);
                          next->left = m->left;
                          root = next;
                  }
                  object->root = root;
          }
          TAILQ_REMOVE(&object->memq, m, listq);
          object->resident_page_count--;
  
          /*
           * Restore the default memory attribute to the page.
           */
          if (pmap_page_get_memattr(m) != VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT)
                  pmap_page_set_memattr(m, VM_MEMATTR_DEFAULT);
  
          /*
           * Insert the page into the object's collection of cached pages
           * and the physical memory allocator's cache/free page queues.
           */
          m->flags &= ~PG_ZERO;
          mtx_lock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
          m->flags |= PG_CACHED;
          cnt.v_cache_count++;
          root = object->cache;
          if (root == NULL) {
                  m->left = NULL;
                  m->right = NULL;
          } else {
                  root = vm_page_splay(m->pindex, root);
                  if (m->pindex < root->pindex) {
                          m->left = root->left;
                          m->right = root;
                          root->left = NULL;
                  } else if (__predict_false(m->pindex == root->pindex))
                          panic("vm_page_cache: offset already cached");
                  else {
                          m->right = root->right;
                          m->left = root;
                          root->right = NULL;
                  }
          }
          object->cache = m;
  #if VM_NRESERVLEVEL > 0
          if (!vm_reserv_free_page(m)) {
  #else
          if (TRUE) {
  #endif
                  vm_phys_set_pool(VM_FREEPOOL_CACHE, m, 0);
                  vm_phys_free_pages(m, 0);
          }
          vm_page_free_wakeup();
          mtx_unlock(&vm_page_queue_free_mtx);
  
          /*
           * Increment the vnode's hold count if this is the object's only
           * cached page.  Decrement the vnode's hold count if this was
           * the object's only resident page.
           */
          if (object->type == OBJT_VNODE) {
                  if (root == NULL && object->resident_page_count != 0)
                          vhold(object->handle);
                  else if (root != NULL && object->resident_page_count == 0)
                          vdrop(object->handle);
          }
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_dontneed
   *
   *      Cache, deactivate, or do nothing as appropriate.  This routine
   *      is typically used by madvise() MADV_DONTNEED.
   *
   *      Generally speaking we want to move the page into the cache so
   *      it gets reused quickly.  However, this can result in a silly syndrome
   *      due to the page recycling too quickly.  Small objects will not be
   *      fully cached.  On the otherhand, if we move the page to the inactive
   *      queue we wind up with a problem whereby very large objects 
   *      unnecessarily blow away our inactive and cache queues.
   *
   *      The solution is to move the pages based on a fixed weighting.  We
   *      either leave them alone, deactivate them, or move them to the cache,
   *      where moving them to the cache has the highest weighting.
   *      By forcing some pages into other queues we eventually force the
   *      system to balance the queues, potentially recovering other unrelated
   *      space from active.  The idea is to not force this to happen too
   *      often.
   */
  void
  vm_page_dontneed(vm_page_t m)
  {
          int dnw;
          int head;
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          dnw = PCPU_GET(dnweight);
          PCPU_INC(dnweight);
  
          /*
           * Occasionally leave the page alone.
           */
          if ((dnw & 0x01F0) == 0 || m->queue == PQ_INACTIVE) {
                  if (m->act_count >= ACT_INIT)
                          --m->act_count;
                  return;
          }
  
          /*
           * Clear any references to the page.  Otherwise, the page daemon will
           * immediately reactivate the page.
           *
           * Perform the pmap_clear_reference() first.  Otherwise, a concurrent
           * pmap operation, such as pmap_remove(), could clear a reference in
           * the pmap and set PGA_REFERENCED on the page before the
           * pmap_clear_reference() had completed.  Consequently, the page would
           * appear referenced based upon an old reference that occurred before
           * this function ran.
           */
          pmap_clear_reference(m);
          vm_page_aflag_clear(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
  
          if (m->dirty == 0 && pmap_is_modified(m))
                  vm_page_dirty(m);
  
          if (m->dirty || (dnw & 0x0070) == 0) {
                  /*
                   * Deactivate the page 3 times out of 32.
                   */
                  head = 0;
          } else {
                  /*
                   * Cache the page 28 times out of every 32.  Note that
                   * the page is deactivated instead of cached, but placed
                   * at the head of the queue instead of the tail.
                   */
                  head = 1;
          }
          _vm_page_deactivate(m, head);
  }
  
  /*
   * Grab a page, waiting until we are waken up due to the page
   * changing state.  We keep on waiting, if the page continues
   * to be in the object.  If the page doesn't exist, first allocate it
   * and then conditionally zero it.
   *
   * The caller must always specify the VM_ALLOC_RETRY flag.  This is intended
   * to facilitate its eventual removal.
   *
   * This routine may block.
   */
  vm_page_t
  vm_page_grab(vm_object_t object, vm_pindex_t pindex, int allocflags)
  {
          vm_page_t m;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_RETRY) != 0,
              ("vm_page_grab: VM_ALLOC_RETRY is required"));
  retrylookup:
          if ((m = vm_page_lookup(object, pindex)) != NULL) {
                  if ((m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) != 0 ||
                      ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY) == 0 && m->busy != 0)) {
                          /*
                           * Reference the page before unlocking and
                           * sleeping so that the page daemon is less
                           * likely to reclaim it.
                           */
                          vm_page_aflag_set(m, PGA_REFERENCED);
                          vm_page_sleep(m, "pgrbwt");
                          goto retrylookup;
                  } else {
                          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_WIRED) != 0) {
                                  vm_page_lock(m);
                                  vm_page_wire(m);
                                  vm_page_unlock(m);
                          }
                          if ((allocflags & VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY) == 0)
                                  vm_page_busy(m);
                          return (m);
                  }
          }
          m = vm_page_alloc(object, pindex, allocflags & ~(VM_ALLOC_RETRY |
              VM_ALLOC_IGN_SBUSY));
          if (m == NULL) {
                  VM_OBJECT_UNLOCK(object);
                  VM_WAIT;
                  VM_OBJECT_LOCK(object);
                  goto retrylookup;
          } else if (m->valid != 0)
                  return (m);
          if (allocflags & VM_ALLOC_ZERO && (m->flags & PG_ZERO) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page(m);
          return (m);
  }
  
  /*
   * Mapping function for valid bits or for dirty bits in
   * a page.  May not block.
   *
   * Inputs are required to range within a page.
   */
  vm_page_bits_t
  vm_page_bits(int base, int size)
  {
          int first_bit;
          int last_bit;
  
          KASSERT(
              base + size <= PAGE_SIZE,
              ("vm_page_bits: illegal base/size %d/%d", base, size)
          );
  
          if (size == 0)          /* handle degenerate case */
                  return (0);
  
          first_bit = base >> DEV_BSHIFT;
          last_bit = (base + size - 1) >> DEV_BSHIFT;
  
          return (((vm_page_bits_t)2 << last_bit) -
              ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << first_bit));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_set_valid:
   *
   *      Sets portions of a page valid.  The arguments are expected
   *      to be DEV_BSIZE aligned but if they aren't the bitmap is inclusive
   *      of any partial chunks touched by the range.  The invalid portion of
   *      such chunks will be zeroed.
   *
   *      (base + size) must be less then or equal to PAGE_SIZE.
   */
  void
  vm_page_set_valid(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          int endoff, frag;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if (size == 0)  /* handle degenerate case */
                  return;
  
          /*
           * If the base is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the valid
           * bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of the
           * first block.
           */
          if ((frag = base & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1)) != base &&
              (m->valid & (1 << (base >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, frag, base - frag);
  
          /*
           * If the ending offset is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the 
           * valid bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of
           * the last block.
           */
          endoff = base + size;
          if ((frag = endoff & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1)) != endoff &&
              (m->valid & (1 << (endoff >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, endoff,
                      DEV_BSIZE - (endoff & (DEV_BSIZE - 1)));
  
          /*
           * Assert that no previously invalid block that is now being validated
           * is already dirty. 
           */
          KASSERT((~m->valid & vm_page_bits(base, size) & m->dirty) == 0,
              ("vm_page_set_valid: page %p is dirty", m)); 
  
          /*
           * Set valid bits inclusive of any overlap.
           */
          m->valid |= vm_page_bits(base, size);
  }
  
  /*
   * Clear the given bits from the specified page's dirty field.
   */
  static __inline void
  vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(vm_page_t m, vm_page_bits_t pagebits)
  {
          uintptr_t addr;
  #if PAGE_SIZE < 16384
          int shift;
  #endif
  
          /*
           * If the object is locked and the page is neither VPO_BUSY nor
           * PGA_WRITEABLE, then the page's dirty field cannot possibly be
           * set by a concurrent pmap operation.
           */
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) == 0 && (m->aflags & PGA_WRITEABLE) == 0)
                  m->dirty &= ~pagebits;
          else {
                  /*
                   * The pmap layer can call vm_page_dirty() without
                   * holding a distinguished lock.  The combination of
                   * the object's lock and an atomic operation suffice
                   * to guarantee consistency of the page dirty field.
                   *
                   * For PAGE_SIZE == 32768 case, compiler already
                   * properly aligns the dirty field, so no forcible
                   * alignment is needed. Only require existence of
                   * atomic_clear_64 when page size is 32768.
                   */
                  addr = (uintptr_t)&m->dirty;
  #if PAGE_SIZE == 32768
                  atomic_clear_64((uint64_t *)addr, pagebits);
  #elif PAGE_SIZE == 16384
                  atomic_clear_32((uint32_t *)addr, pagebits);
  #else           /* PAGE_SIZE <= 8192 */
                  /*
                   * Use a trick to perform a 32-bit atomic on the
                   * containing aligned word, to not depend on the existence
                   * of atomic_clear_{8, 16}.
                   */
                  shift = addr & (sizeof(uint32_t) - 1);
  #if BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
                  shift = (sizeof(uint32_t) - sizeof(m->dirty) - shift) * NBBY;
  #else
                  shift *= NBBY;
  #endif
                  addr &= ~(sizeof(uint32_t) - 1);
                  atomic_clear_32((uint32_t *)addr, pagebits << shift);
  #endif          /* PAGE_SIZE */
          }
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_set_validclean:
   *
   *      Sets portions of a page valid and clean.  The arguments are expected
   *      to be DEV_BSIZE aligned but if they aren't the bitmap is inclusive
   *      of any partial chunks touched by the range.  The invalid portion of
   *      such chunks will be zero'd.
   *
   *      This routine may not block.
   *
   *      (base + size) must be less then or equal to PAGE_SIZE.
   */
  void
  vm_page_set_validclean(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          vm_page_bits_t oldvalid, pagebits;
          int endoff, frag;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if (size == 0)  /* handle degenerate case */
                  return;
  
          /*
           * If the base is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the valid
           * bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of the
           * first block.
           */
          if ((frag = base & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1)) != base &&
              (m->valid & ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << (base >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, frag, base - frag);
  
          /*
           * If the ending offset is not DEV_BSIZE aligned and the 
           * valid bit is clear, we have to zero out a portion of
           * the last block.
           */
          endoff = base + size;
          if ((frag = endoff & ~(DEV_BSIZE - 1)) != endoff &&
              (m->valid & ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << (endoff >> DEV_BSHIFT))) == 0)
                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, endoff,
                      DEV_BSIZE - (endoff & (DEV_BSIZE - 1)));
  
          /*
           * Set valid, clear dirty bits.  If validating the entire
           * page we can safely clear the pmap modify bit.  We also
           * use this opportunity to clear the VPO_NOSYNC flag.  If a process
           * takes a write fault on a MAP_NOSYNC memory area the flag will
           * be set again.
           *
           * We set valid bits inclusive of any overlap, but we can only
           * clear dirty bits for DEV_BSIZE chunks that are fully within
           * the range.
           */
          oldvalid = m->valid;
          pagebits = vm_page_bits(base, size);
          m->valid |= pagebits;
  #if 0   /* NOT YET */
          if ((frag = base & (DEV_BSIZE - 1)) != 0) {
                  frag = DEV_BSIZE - frag;
                  base += frag;
                  size -= frag;
                  if (size < 0)
                          size = 0;
          }
          pagebits = vm_page_bits(base, size & (DEV_BSIZE - 1));
  #endif
          if (base == 0 && size == PAGE_SIZE) {
                  /*
                   * The page can only be modified within the pmap if it is
                   * mapped, and it can only be mapped if it was previously
                   * fully valid.
                   */
                  if (oldvalid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                          /*
                           * Perform the pmap_clear_modify() first.  Otherwise,
                           * a concurrent pmap operation, such as
                           * pmap_protect(), could clear a modification in the
                           * pmap and set the dirty field on the page before
                           * pmap_clear_modify() had begun and after the dirty
                           * field was cleared here.
                           */
                          pmap_clear_modify(m);
                  m->dirty = 0;
                  m->oflags &= ~VPO_NOSYNC;
          } else if (oldvalid != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL)
                  m->dirty &= ~pagebits;
          else
                  vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(m, pagebits);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_clear_dirty(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
  
          vm_page_clear_dirty_mask(m, vm_page_bits(base, size));
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_set_invalid:
   *
   *      Invalidates DEV_BSIZE'd chunks within a page.  Both the
   *      valid and dirty bits for the effected areas are cleared.
   *
   *      May not block.
   */
  void
  vm_page_set_invalid(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          vm_page_bits_t bits;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT((m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) == 0,
              ("vm_page_set_invalid: page %p is busy", m));
          bits = vm_page_bits(base, size);
          if (m->valid == VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL && bits != 0)
                  pmap_remove_all(m);
          KASSERT(!pmap_page_is_mapped(m),
              ("vm_page_set_invalid: page %p is mapped", m));
          m->valid &= ~bits;
          m->dirty &= ~bits;
  }
  
  /*
   * vm_page_zero_invalid()
   *
   *      The kernel assumes that the invalid portions of a page contain 
   *      garbage, but such pages can be mapped into memory by user code.
   *      When this occurs, we must zero out the non-valid portions of the
   *      page so user code sees what it expects.
   *
   *      Pages are most often semi-valid when the end of a file is mapped 
   *      into memory and the file's size is not page aligned.
   */
  void
  vm_page_zero_invalid(vm_page_t m, boolean_t setvalid)
  {
          int b;
          int i;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          /*
           * Scan the valid bits looking for invalid sections that
           * must be zerod.  Invalid sub-DEV_BSIZE'd areas ( where the
           * valid bit may be set ) have already been zerod by
           * vm_page_set_validclean().
           */
          for (b = i = 0; i <= PAGE_SIZE / DEV_BSIZE; ++i) {
                  if (i == (PAGE_SIZE / DEV_BSIZE) || 
                      (m->valid & ((vm_page_bits_t)1 << i))) {
                          if (i > b) {
                                  pmap_zero_page_area(m, 
                                      b << DEV_BSHIFT, (i - b) << DEV_BSHIFT);
                          }
                          b = i + 1;
                  }
          }
  
          /*
           * setvalid is TRUE when we can safely set the zero'd areas
           * as being valid.  We can do this if there are no cache consistancy
           * issues.  e.g. it is ok to do with UFS, but not ok to do with NFS.
           */
          if (setvalid)
                  m->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
  }
  
  /*
   *      vm_page_is_valid:
   *
   *      Is (partial) page valid?  Note that the case where size == 0
   *      will return FALSE in the degenerate case where the page is
   *      entirely invalid, and TRUE otherwise.
   *
   *      May not block.
   */
  int
  vm_page_is_valid(vm_page_t m, int base, int size)
  {
          vm_page_bits_t bits;
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          bits = vm_page_bits(base, size);
          if (m->valid && ((m->valid & bits) == bits))
                  return 1;
          else
                  return 0;
  }
  
  /*
   * update dirty bits from pmap/mmu.  May not block.
   */
  void
  vm_page_test_dirty(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
          if (m->dirty != VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL && pmap_is_modified(m))
                  vm_page_dirty(m);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_lock_KBI(vm_page_t m, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          mtx_lock_flags_(vm_page_lockptr(m), 0, file, line);
  }
  
  void
  vm_page_unlock_KBI(vm_page_t m, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          mtx_unlock_flags_(vm_page_lockptr(m), 0, file, line);
  }
  
  int
  vm_page_trylock_KBI(vm_page_t m, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          return (mtx_trylock_flags_(vm_page_lockptr(m), 0, file, line));
  }
  
  #if defined(INVARIANTS) || defined(INVARIANT_SUPPORT)
  void
  vm_page_lock_assert_KBI(vm_page_t m, int a, const char *file, int line)
  {
  
          mtx_assert_(vm_page_lockptr(m), a, file, line);
  }
  #endif
  
  int so_zerocp_fullpage = 0;
  
  /*
   *      Replace the given page with a copy.  The copied page assumes
   *      the portion of the given page's "wire_count" that is not the
   *      responsibility of this copy-on-write mechanism.
   *
   *      The object containing the given page must have a non-zero
   *      paging-in-progress count and be locked.
   */
  void
  vm_page_cowfault(vm_page_t m)
  {
          vm_page_t mnew;
          vm_object_t object;
          vm_pindex_t pindex;
  
          mtx_assert(&vm_page_queue_mtx, MA_NOTOWNED);
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          object = m->object;
          VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(object, MA_OWNED);
          KASSERT(object->paging_in_progress != 0,
              ("vm_page_cowfault: object %p's paging-in-progress count is zero.",
              object)); 
          pindex = m->pindex;
  
   retry_alloc:
          pmap_remove_all(m);
          vm_page_remove(m);
          mnew = vm_page_alloc(object, pindex, VM_ALLOC_NORMAL | VM_ALLOC_NOBUSY);
          if (mnew == NULL) {
                  vm_page_insert(m, object, pindex);
                  vm_page_unlock(m);
                  VM_OBJECT_UNLOCK(object);
                  VM_WAIT;
                  VM_OBJECT_LOCK(object);
                  if (m == vm_page_lookup(object, pindex)) {
                          vm_page_lock(m);
                          goto retry_alloc;
                  } else {
                          /*
                           * Page disappeared during the wait.
                           */
                          return;
                  }
          }
  
          if (m->cow == 0) {
                  /* 
                   * check to see if we raced with an xmit complete when 
                   * waiting to allocate a page.  If so, put things back 
                   * the way they were 
                   */
                  vm_page_unlock(m);
                  vm_page_lock(mnew);
                  vm_page_free(mnew);
                  vm_page_unlock(mnew);
                  vm_page_insert(m, object, pindex);
          } else { /* clear COW & copy page */
                  if (!so_zerocp_fullpage)
                          pmap_copy_page(m, mnew);
                  mnew->valid = VM_PAGE_BITS_ALL;
                  vm_page_dirty(mnew);
                  mnew->wire_count = m->wire_count - m->cow;
                  m->wire_count = m->cow;
                  vm_page_unlock(m);
          }
  }
  
  void 
  vm_page_cowclear(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          if (m->cow) {
                  m->cow--;
                  /* 
                   * let vm_fault add back write permission  lazily
                   */
          } 
          /*
           *  sf_buf_free() will free the page, so we needn't do it here
           */ 
  }
  
  int
  vm_page_cowsetup(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          vm_page_lock_assert(m, MA_OWNED);
          if ((m->flags & PG_FICTITIOUS) != 0 ||
              (m->oflags & VPO_UNMANAGED) != 0 ||
              m->cow == USHRT_MAX - 1 || !VM_OBJECT_TRYLOCK(m->object))
                  return (EBUSY);
          m->cow++;
          pmap_remove_write(m);
          VM_OBJECT_UNLOCK(m->object);
          return (0);
  }
  
  #ifdef INVARIANTS
  void
  vm_page_object_lock_assert(vm_page_t m)
  {
  
          /*
           * Certain of the page's fields may only be modified by the
           * holder of the containing object's lock or the setter of the
           * page's VPO_BUSY flag.  Unfortunately, the setter of the
           * VPO_BUSY flag is not recorded, and thus cannot be checked
           * here.
           */
          if (m->object != NULL && (m->oflags & VPO_BUSY) == 0)
                  VM_OBJECT_LOCK_ASSERT(m->object, MA_OWNED);
  }
  #endif
  
  #include "opt_ddb.h"
  #ifdef DDB
  #include <sys/kernel.h>
  
  #include <ddb/ddb.h>
  
  DB_SHOW_COMMAND(page, vm_page_print_page_info)
  {
          db_printf("cnt.v_free_count: %d\n", cnt.v_free_count);
          db_printf("cnt.v_cache_count: %d\n", cnt.v_cache_count);
          db_printf("cnt.v_inactive_count: %d\n", cnt.v_inactive_count);
          db_printf("cnt.v_active_count: %d\n", cnt.v_active_count);
          db_printf("cnt.v_wire_count: %d\n", cnt.v_wire_count);
          db_printf("cnt.v_free_reserved: %d\n", cnt.v_free_reserved);
          db_printf("cnt.v_free_min: %d\n", cnt.v_free_min);
          db_printf("cnt.v_free_target: %d\n", cnt.v_free_target);
          db_printf("cnt.v_cache_min: %d\n", cnt.v_cache_min);
          db_printf("cnt.v_inactive_target: %d\n", cnt.v_inactive_target);
  }
  
  DB_SHOW_COMMAND(pageq, vm_page_print_pageq_info)
  {
                  
          db_printf("PQ_FREE:");
          db_printf(" %d", cnt.v_free_count);
          db_printf("\n");
                  
          db_printf("PQ_CACHE:");
          db_printf(" %d", cnt.v_cache_count);
          db_printf("\n");
  
          db_printf("PQ_ACTIVE: %d, PQ_INACTIVE: %d\n",
                  *vm_page_queues[PQ_ACTIVE].cnt,
                  *vm_page_queues[PQ_INACTIVE].cnt);
  }
  #endif /* DDB */

Cache object: b48132d28426e6041ec50405f26b2657